Pharmacology Endocrine System Pharmacology 3

Question 1

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose) lower postprandial blood glucose by:

Accepted Answer

Delaying carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the intestine

Answer

Stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells

Answer

Inhibiting hepatic glycogenolysis after meals

Answer

Increasing peripheral glucose uptake in muscle

Question 2

Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin secretion by:

Accepted Answer

Closing ATP-sensitive K+ channels, causing beta cell depolarization

Answer

Activating GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic beta cells

Answer

Directly opening voltage-gated calcium channels in beta cells

Answer

Inhibiting alpha cells from secreting glucagon

Question 3

Radioactive iodine (I-131) treats hyperthyroidism by:

Accepted Answer

Destroying overactive thyroid tissue via beta radiation

Answer

Blocking thyroid hormone synthesis by competing with iodide

Answer

Competing with T4 for thyroid-binding globulin

Answer

Inhibiting TSH receptor binding in the thyroid

Question 4

Insulin glargine (Lantus) achieves its prolonged, relatively peakless action because:

Accepted Answer

It forms microprecipitates at physiological pH after subcutaneous injection

Answer

It binds to albumin at the injection site, releasing slowly

Answer

It contains protamine protein that delays absorption

Answer

It has a very high molecular weight slowing diffusion

Question 5

The most serious cardiovascular adverse effect associated with thiazolidinediones (TZDs) is:

Accepted Answer

Fluid retention and exacerbation of heart failure

Answer

Lactic acidosis from mitochondrial dysfunction

Answer

Severe hypoglycemia due to PPAR-gamma activation

Answer

QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias

Question 6

The first-line treatment for acute severe hypercalcemia (hypercalcemic crisis) is:

Accepted Answer

IV normal saline followed by furosemide

Answer

Oral calcium carbonate to bind excess calcium

Answer

Vitamin D supplementation to normalize calcium regulation

Answer

Cinacalcet to suppress PTH secretion rapidly

Question 7

Cinacalcet treats secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease by:

Accepted Answer

Acting as a calcimimetic that sensitizes CaSR to suppress PTH secretion

Answer

Providing exogenous calcium to suppress PTH via negative feedback

Answer

Blocking PTH receptors in bone and kidney

Answer

Inhibiting 1-alpha-hydroxylase to reduce active vitamin D