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Therapeutic Applications and Clinical Use Flashcards

7 cards from real Pharmacology practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. A patient with rheumatoid arthritis is started on methotrexate. Folic acid is co-prescribed to reduce which common side effect?

    Answer: Mucositis and bone marrow suppression

    Methotrexate depletes folate, causing mucositis and myelosuppression; supplemental folic acid mitigates these effects without reducing efficacy.

  2. Amiodarone is used for refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Which serious adverse effect requires monitoring of thyroid function?

    Answer: Hyper- or hypothyroidism

    Amiodarone contains iodine and structurally resembles thyroid hormone, causing both hyper- and hypothyroidism.

  3. Which inhaled corticosteroid complication can be minimized by rinsing the mouth after each use?

    Answer: Oropharyngeal candidiasis

    Drug deposition in the oropharynx promotes fungal overgrowth; rinsing removes residual corticosteroid after inhalation.

  4. SSRIs are first-line for major depressive disorder. The full antidepressant effect typically takes how long to manifest?

    Answer: 2–4 weeks

    SSRI antidepressant effects develop over 2–4 weeks due to gradual neuroadaptive changes rather than immediate receptor occupancy.

  5. A patient on long-term aspirin therapy for cardiovascular prophylaxis develops a peptic ulcer. Which drug should be added to protect the gastric mucosa?

    Answer: Misoprostol or PPI

    Misoprostol (a PGE1 analog) or a PPI restores mucosal protection lost due to COX-1 inhibition by aspirin.

  6. Phenytoin exhibits zero-order kinetics at therapeutic doses. The clinical implication is that:

    Answer: Small dose increases can cause disproportionately large plasma level increases

    At therapeutic levels, phenytoin saturates hepatic metabolism, so small dose increments can produce steep, unpredictable plasma level rises.

  7. Which opioid analgesic is unique in also having NMDA receptor antagonist and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor activity, making it useful for neuropathic pain?

    Answer: Methadone

    Methadone's NMDA antagonism and NRI activity supplement its opioid action, providing efficacy in neuropathic pain states.