PANRE PANRE Nephrology

Question 1

A patient with CKD has a serum potassium of 6.4 mEq/L with peaked T-waves on EKG. What is the FIRST priority treatment?

Accepted Answer

Calcium gluconate IV

Answer

IV calcium gluconate is given first in hyperkalemia with EKG changes to stabilize the cardiac membrane and prevent fatal arrhythmias.

Question 2

Which formula is currently recommended for estimating GFR in clinical practice?

Accepted Answer

CKD-EPI equation

Answer

The CKD-EPI equation is the currently recommended formula for estimating GFR in adults and has replaced MDRD as the standard.

Question 3

Which is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Membranous nephropathy

Answer

Membranous nephropathy is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults, often associated with PLA2R antibodies.

Question 4

Which medication class is first-line for reducing proteinuria and slowing progression of diabetic nephropathy?

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors or ARBs

Answer

ACE inhibitors and ARBs reduce intraglomerular pressure and proteinuria, providing renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy.

Question 5

A patient presents with flank pain, hematuria, and nausea. CT shows a 4 mm ureteral stone. What is the most appropriate initial management?

Accepted Answer

Hydration, analgesia, and alpha-blocker (tamsulosin)

Answer

Stones ≤5 mm have a high rate of spontaneous passage; conservative management with hydration, analgesia, and medical expulsive therapy is first-line.

PANRE Test Practice Test