What is the urban heat island effect, and how does urban tree canopy specifically mitigate it?
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A
The tendency of urban soils to retain water heat from plumbing systems — trees have no effect on this phenomenon
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B
The elevation of urban air and surface temperatures relative to surrounding rural areas, mitigated by tree canopy through shading, evapotranspiration, and reduction of heat-absorbing hardscape exposure
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C
The concentration of vehicle exhaust heat in street canyons — trees increase this effect by reducing air circulation
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D
Seasonal temperature amplification in urban areas during winter — only deciduous trees provide any mitigation benefit