OBT Photobiomodulation Mechanisms & Cellular Effects 2

Question 1

Increased nitric oxide (NO) release is one effect of photobiomodulation. What is a primary physiological consequence of elevated NO in treated tissue?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation and improved microcirculation

Answer

Vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow

Answer

Increased platelet aggregation

Answer

Inhibition of collagen synthesis

Question 2

How does photobiomodulation affect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Modulates them downward, reducing excessive inflammation

Answer

Significantly increases them to accelerate healing

Answer

Has no measurable effect on cytokine levels

Answer

Converts them to anti-inflammatory forms

Question 3

Which cell type in connective tissue is most directly stimulated by photobiomodulation to increase collagen production?

Accepted Answer

Fibroblasts

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Mast cells

Answer

Neutrophils

Question 4

The term 'biphasic dose response' in photobiomodulation refers to:

Accepted Answer

Stimulatory effects at low fluences and inhibitory effects at high fluences

Answer

Two separate treatment sessions required per week

Answer

Dual wavelength protocols using red and near-infrared simultaneously

Answer

Two chromophores being activated in sequence

Question 5

Photobiomodulation has been shown to influence neural cells primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Enhancing axonal growth and reducing neuroinflammation

Answer

Permanently destroying damaged neurons

Answer

Blocking all pain signal transmission indefinitely

Answer

Increasing myelin sheath degradation

Question 6

Which phenomenon describes the light-induced dissociation of nitric oxide from cytochrome c oxidase, proposed as a mechanism that restores mitochondrial function in hypoxic cells?

Accepted Answer

Photodissociation of NO from CCO

Answer

Photoelectric effect

Answer

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)

Answer

Laser-induced shockwave

Question 7

In photobiomodulation research, 'fluence' is the term used to describe:

Accepted Answer

The energy delivered per unit area (J/cm²)

Answer

The number of photons per second emitted by the device

Answer

The frequency of the light wave

Answer

The duration of a single treatment session