Nutrition Interventions Flashcards

With one exception, all of these are mediated by the digestive hormone gastrin.

Answer: Reduced of pepsinogen production by the stomach

Gastrin is a digestive hormone primarily responsible for stimulating gastric acid (HCl) secretion by parietal cells and increasing pepsinogen secretion by chief cells. It also enhances gastric motility and increases the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. Therefore, reducing pepsinogen production is an untrue statement regarding gastrin's actions, as it actually increases it.

Moreover, impaired glucose tolerance is distinguished by:

Answer: A fasting plasma glucose of 100-125 mg/dl

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a prediabetic state characterized by a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level between 100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L), also known as impaired fasting glucose (IFG). This indicates that blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough for a diabetes diagnosis, signifying an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes.

Regarding the low amount of serum albumin, which of these is untrue?

Answer: It can be used to identify esophageal reflux

Low serum albumin is a common finding in conditions like nephrotic syndrome (due to protein loss), kwashiorkor (severe protein malnutrition), and ascites (due to reduced oncotic pressure). However, serum albumin levels are not a diagnostic marker for esophageal reflux. Esophageal reflux is typically diagnosed based on symptoms, endoscopy, or pH monitoring.

The purpose of cystic fibrosis treatment is to:

Answer: To increase fat and protein & Replacement of Pancreatic enzyme

Cystic fibrosis causes pancreatic insufficiency, leading to malabsorption of fats, proteins, and fat-soluble vitamins. Therefore, pancreatic enzyme replacement is essential to improve digestion and nutrient absorption. Additionally, patients with cystic fibrosis have increased energy needs due to chronic infection and malabsorption, requiring significantly higher intakes of energy, protein, and fat to maintain nutritional status and support growth.

The phenylketonuria test that is used to identify

Answer: Guthrie test

The Guthrie test is a widely recognized and utilized screening method for diagnosing Phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns. This test detects elevated levels of phenylalanine in a blood sample, indicating the genetic disorder where the body cannot properly metabolize this amino acid. Early diagnosis through the Guthrie test is crucial for initiating treatment and preventing severe neurological damage.

The following are the liver cirrhosis's clinical symptoms.

Answer: Ascites and hypoalbuminemia

Liver cirrhosis impairs the liver's ability to synthesize albumin, a critical protein for maintaining oncotic pressure, leading to hypoalbuminemia. This low albumin level causes fluid to leak from blood vessels into the abdominal cavity, resulting in ascites. Therefore, ascites and hypoalbuminemia are key clinical indications of liver cirrhosis.

Treatment for hypertension frequently involves the use of:

Answer: DASH diet

The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet is an evidence-based eating plan specifically designed to lower blood pressure and is a primary non-pharmacological treatment for hypertension. It emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and low-fat dairy, while limiting saturated and total fat, cholesterol, and sodium, making it highly effective for blood pressure management.

The largest negative impact gastrointestinal procedures have on a patient's nutritional state is

Answer: All of these

Billroth II and Billroth III procedures involve resecting parts of the stomach and rerouting the digestive tract, which can lead to dumping syndrome, malabsorption of iron, calcium, and fat-soluble vitamins due to bypassed duodenum. Ileal resection, on the other hand, specifically impairs the absorption of vitamin B12 and bile salts, crucial for fat digestion. All these gastrointestinal surgeries significantly disrupt normal digestive and absorptive processes, making them major contributors to negative nutritional impacts.

What is the LEAST likely cause of diarrhea in a hospitalized patient on enteral nutrition?

Answer: Difficile

While Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a common cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients, it is an infectious cause often linked to antibiotic use, rather than a direct consequence of enteral nutrition (EN) itself. Diarrhea in patients on EN is more frequently attributed to factors like formula osmolarity, rapid infusion rates, medication side effects, or underlying malnutrition leading to gut atrophy. Therefore, when considering causes directly related to the feeding or the patient's nutritional state, C. difficile might be considered the least likely direct cause among the options, as it's an external pathogen.

When a patient consumes anti-HIV Zerit, it may result in:

Answer: Lipodystrophy

Zerit (stavudine) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that was commonly used in early HIV treatment regimens. A well-documented and significant side effect associated with Zerit, particularly among older generation NRTIs, is lipodystrophy. This condition involves an abnormal redistribution of body fat, often characterized by fat loss in the face and limbs (lipoatrophy) and fat accumulation in areas like the abdomen or neck.

Lipodystrophy is prone to occur in patients who take the anti-HIV medication Zerit. A disorder known as lipodystrophy is defined by aberrant fat distribution throughout the body, which can cause changes in the form of the body and the buildup of fat in certain places. The patient may experience major physical and psychological effects from this side effect, which is frequently linked to the usage of Zerit.

Answer: Nasojejunal tube with a standard formula

A nasojejunal tube delivers enteral nutrition directly into the jejunum, bypassing the stomach. This feeding method is often chosen for patients who are at high risk of aspiration, have severe gastroparesis, gastric outlet obstruction, or persistent vomiting that prevents gastric feeding. By bypassing the stomach, it reduces the risk of aspiration pneumonia and can improve tolerance, making it a safer and more effective option than nasogastric feeding or more invasive parenteral nutrition in certain clinical scenarios.