On the NCEES PE Geotechnical exam, the effective stress in a saturated soil is calculated as:
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A
σ' = σ + u (total stress plus pore water pressure)
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B
σ' = σ − u (total stress minus pore water pressure)
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C
σ' = u − σ (pore pressure minus total stress)
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D
σ' = γz (unit weight times depth only)