NCBTMB Anatomy and Physiology 4 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion and is classified as a synovial joint?
- Gomphosis
- Synchondrosis
- Ball-and-socket (Correct answer)
- Pivot joint
Correct answer: Ball-and-socket
Ball-and-socket joints, such as the hip and shoulder, allow movement in all planes including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.
Question 2: The femoral triangle is bordered by which three structures?
- Inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus (Correct answer)
- Inguinal ligament, rectus femoris, and gracilis
- Iliotibial band, sartorius, and pectineus
- Greater trochanter, inguinal ligament, and rectus femoris
Correct answer: Inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus
The femoral triangle is bounded superiorly by the inguinal ligament, laterally by the sartorius, and medially by the adductor longus muscle.
Question 3: Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex and plays a key role in regulating sodium retention and potassium excretion?
- Cortisol
- Epinephrine
- Aldosterone (Correct answer)
- DHEA
Correct answer: Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
Question 4: What is the anatomical term for the movement of turning the palm to face posteriorly (downward when the arm is at the side)?
- Supination
- Pronation (Correct answer)
- Medial rotation
- Circumduction
Correct answer: Pronation
Pronation is the rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm to face posteriorly, involving the radius crossing over the ulna.
Question 5: Which cells in the bone produce new bone matrix and are derived from osteogenic cells?
- Osteoclasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts (Correct answer)
- Chondroblasts
Correct answer: Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that synthesize and secrete collagen and other components of the bone matrix, eventually becoming trapped as osteocytes.
Question 6: The popliteal fossa is located in which anatomical region?
- Anterior to the knee
- Behind the knee (Correct answer)
- Medial aspect of the thigh
- Lateral ankle region
Correct answer: Behind the knee
The popliteal fossa is the diamond-shaped space at the posterior aspect of the knee, containing the popliteal artery, vein, and tibial nerve.
Question 7: Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
- Pulmonary artery
- Aorta
- Pulmonary vein (Correct answer)
- Superior vena cava
Correct answer: Pulmonary vein
The pulmonary veins (four total) return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, the only veins in the body that carry oxygen-rich blood.
NCBTMB Anatomy and Physiology 4
Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion and is classified as a synovial joint?