NCA Quebec Civil Law Basics 3

Question 1

Under the CCQ, what are the essential conditions for a valid contract?

Accepted Answer

Capacity of the parties, consent that is free and enlightened, and an object that is not prohibited by law

Answer

CCQ art. 1385 identifies three essential conditions for a valid contract: (1) the capacity of the parties to contract; (2) consent that is free and enlightened; (3) an object (cause) that is not prohibited by law or contrary to public order. Notably, consideration is not required in Quebec civil law.

Question 2

The CCQ recognizes several 'vices of consent.' Which of the following is recognized as a vice of consent that may allow a party to annul a contract?

Accepted Answer

Error, fear (violence), and lesion (in certain cases)

Answer

CCQ arts. 1399–1408 identify error, fear (violence/duress), and fraud as vices of consent that may ground annulment. Lesion (gross imbalance of prestations) may also ground annulment in contracts with minors or protected persons, and in certain consumer contracts.

Question 3

In Quebec law, the 'obligation of means' (obligation de moyens) differs from an 'obligation of result' (obligation de résultat) in that:

Accepted Answer

An obligation of means requires only best efforts; an obligation of result requires that the promised outcome be achieved

Answer

In Quebec (and French) civil law, an obligation de moyens requires the debtor to use best efforts and reasonable care (e.g., a doctor's obligation to treat a patient). An obligation de résultat requires the actual achievement of the promised outcome (e.g., a carrier's obligation to deliver goods safely). The distinction affects how breach is proven.

Question 4

Under the CCQ, which type of security interest over movable property replaces the old common law concept of a chattel mortgage in Quebec?

Accepted Answer

Hypothec on movables (hypothèque mobilière)

Answer

The CCQ replaced the fragmented pre-1994 Quebec security law with a unified hypothec concept. A hypothec (mobilière or immobilière) is the primary consensual security interest over both movable and immovable property. Movable hypothecs (with or without delivery) replace chattel mortgages, conditional sales, and floating charges.

Question 5

In Quebec law, what is the 'Register of Personal and Movable Real Rights' (RDPRM / Registre des droits personnels et réels mobiliers)?

Accepted Answer

A public registry where movable hypothecs and other real rights in movables must be published to be enforceable against third parties

Answer

The RDPRM (Registre des droits personnels et réels mobiliers) is the public registry for movable real rights under the CCQ, including movable hypothecs and leases of movables. Publication in the RDPRM is required for most movable real rights to be enforceable (opposable) against third parties.

NCA Exam Practice Test

NCA Exam Practice Test

NCA Quebec Civil Law Basics 3