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Pediatrics Flashcards

7 cards from real NBME practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. A premature infant born at 28 weeks develops increasing respiratory distress immediately after birth. CXR shows diffuse ground-glass opacities bilaterally. The deficiency responsible is:

    Answer: Surfactant

    Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants results from surfactant deficiency, which reduces alveolar surface tension.

  2. A 6-week-old male presents with non-bilious projectile vomiting after every feeding. He is hungry immediately after vomiting. Palpation reveals an olive-shaped mass in the epigastrium. Next step?

    Answer: Abdominal ultrasound

    Abdominal ultrasound is the gold standard to confirm pyloric stenosis by demonstrating pyloric muscle thickness ≥4 mm and length ≥16 mm.

  3. A 2-year-old presents with a barking cough, stridor, and low-grade fever. Neck X-ray shows a 'steeple sign.' Most appropriate initial management?

    Answer: Dexamethasone

    Dexamethasone is the first-line treatment for croup (laryngotracheitis), reducing subglottic edema and duration of symptoms.

  4. A neonate born to a mother with poorly controlled diabetes develops jitteriness, hypotonia, and poor feeding at 2 hours of life. Blood glucose is 28 mg/dL. First step?

    Answer: IV D10W bolus

    Symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia requires immediate IV dextrose bolus (D10W 2 mL/kg) to rapidly restore euglycemia.

  5. A 13-year-old girl presents with primary amenorrhea, short stature, webbed neck, and a widely spaced chest with shield-like appearance. Karyotype most likely shows:

    Answer: 45,X

    Turner syndrome (45,X) classically presents with short stature, webbed neck, shield chest, and primary ovarian insufficiency.

  6. A 4-month-old is brought in for a well-child visit. Which vaccine is NOT routinely given at this age?

    Answer: MMR

    MMR is first administered at 12–15 months; the 4-month visit includes DTaP, Hib, IPV, PCV13, and rotavirus.

  7. A 9-year-old male has an elevated ESR, fever, migratory arthritis, and a new heart murmur 3 weeks after untreated strep pharyngitis. Most likely diagnosis?

    Answer: Acute rheumatic fever

    Acute rheumatic fever follows group A streptococcal pharyngitis and meets Jones criteria including carditis and migratory arthritis.