NBDHE NBDHE Scientific Basis of Practice 4

Question 1

A patient presents with painless, soft-tissue swelling of the submandibular gland that enlarges during meals. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Sialolithiasis

Answer

Sialolithiasis (salivary duct stones) causes obstruction and swelling during salivary stimulation by meals, most commonly affecting the submandibular gland.

Question 2

Which cell is the primary effector of the innate immune response and is the first to arrive at a site of acute bacterial infection?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Answer

Neutrophils (PMNs) are the first cells recruited to sites of acute infection, where they phagocytose bacteria and release antimicrobial substances.

Question 3

Which drug class is the first-line pharmacologic treatment for a patient experiencing acute anaphylaxis?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Intramuscular epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis because it reverses bronchospasm, vasodilation, and angioedema through adrenergic receptor activation.

Question 4

What is the term for the process by which bacteria transfer genetic material via bacteriophages, enabling antibiotic resistance transfer?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Answer

Transduction is the transfer of bacterial DNA mediated by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria), enabling horizontal gene transfer of resistance genes.

Question 5

Which type of bone cell is responsible for the resorption of mineralized bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Answer

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells derived from monocyte precursors that resorb bone by secreting acid and lysosomal enzymes into the resorption lacuna.

NBDHE Test Practice Test

NBDHE Test Practice Test

NBDHE NBDHE Scientific Basis of Practice 4