NBDHE NBDHE Community Oral Health Principles 4 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride intake during:
- Tooth eruption (Correct answer)
- Tooth function
- Tooth exfoliation
- Tooth root formation only
Correct answer: Tooth eruption
Dental fluorosis results from excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development and mineralization, before eruption.
Question 2: An ROC curve is used in epidemiology to evaluate:
- Risk of disease recurrence
- Diagnostic test performance across thresholds (Correct answer)
- Rate of disease occurrence over time
- Relative odds of exposure
Correct answer: Diagnostic test performance across thresholds
A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve plots sensitivity vs. (1-specificity) across all possible cut-off values to assess overall test accuracy.
Question 3: Which approach characterizes the social-ecological model of health promotion?
- Focusing exclusively on individual behavior change
- Addressing multiple levels: individual, interpersonal, community, and policy (Correct answer)
- Providing clinical treatment to high-risk groups only
- Distributing educational pamphlets to patients
Correct answer: Addressing multiple levels: individual, interpersonal, community, and policy
The social-ecological model recognizes that health behaviors are influenced by interconnected levels from individual to societal policy.
Question 4: In program evaluation, 'process evaluation' measures:
- Long-term health outcomes
- Whether the program was delivered as planned (Correct answer)
- Cost-effectiveness of the intervention
- Changes in disease incidence
Correct answer: Whether the program was delivered as planned
Process evaluation assesses fidelity of implementation — whether program activities were carried out as intended.
Question 5: The DMFT index counts which teeth in adults?
- All 32 permanent teeth including third molars
- 28 permanent teeth excluding third molars (Correct answer)
- Only posterior permanent teeth
- Primary and permanent teeth combined
Correct answer: 28 permanent teeth excluding third molars
The standard DMFT index examines 28 permanent teeth, excluding third molars, to measure caries experience.
Question 6: Which type of community oral health program model delivers services directly in schools or community sites?
- Referral-based model
- Community portable/mobile model (Correct answer)
- Sealant voucher model
- Dental home model
Correct answer: Community portable/mobile model
Community portable/mobile dental programs bring equipment and providers to schools and community sites, removing transportation barriers.
Question 7: The 'attributable risk' in epidemiology measures:
- The ratio of disease risk in exposed vs. unexposed groups
- The excess risk due to the exposure (Correct answer)
- The probability of disease in the absence of exposure
- The proportion of cases caused by chance
Correct answer: The excess risk due to the exposure
Attributable risk (risk difference) quantifies the additional risk of disease that can be attributed to the specific exposure.
NBDHE NBDHE Community Oral Health Principles 4
Fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride intake during: