NBCE Research and Development 4

Question 1

Inter-rater reliability is best assessed using which statistical measure for categorical outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Cohen's kappa

Answer

Cohen's kappa measures agreement between two raters on categorical variables, correcting for chance agreement.

Question 2

The number needed to treat (NNT) represents:

Accepted Answer

The number of patients who must receive a treatment for one additional patient to benefit

Answer

NNT = 1 / absolute risk reduction, and indicates how many patients need treatment for one to benefit.

Question 3

In a prospective cohort study examining chiropractic care and headache frequency, the exposure is measured:

Accepted Answer

Before the outcome develops, as participants are followed forward in time

Answer

Prospective cohort studies measure exposure at baseline and then follow participants forward to observe who develops the outcome.

Question 4

Which statement best describes content validity of a chiropractic patient outcome questionnaire?

Accepted Answer

Test items comprehensively represent all relevant domains of the construct being measured

Answer

Content validity ensures that the items in a questionnaire adequately cover all relevant aspects of the construct of interest.

Question 5

Confounding in an observational study occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A third variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome

Answer

A confounder is a variable that is associated with both the independent variable and the dependent variable, distorting the true relationship.

(NBCE) National Board of Chiropractic Examiners Practice Test