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Research and Development Flashcards

7 cards from real NBCE practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

Read the first 7 Research and Development flashcards as text

  1. Inter-rater reliability is best assessed using which statistical measure for categorical outcomes?

    Answer: Cohen's kappa

    Cohen's kappa measures agreement between two raters on categorical variables, correcting for chance agreement.

  2. The number needed to treat (NNT) represents:

    Answer: The number of patients who must receive a treatment for one additional patient to benefit

    NNT = 1 / absolute risk reduction, and indicates how many patients need treatment for one to benefit.

  3. In a prospective cohort study examining chiropractic care and headache frequency, the exposure is measured:

    Answer: Before the outcome develops, as participants are followed forward in time

    Prospective cohort studies measure exposure at baseline and then follow participants forward to observe who develops the outcome.

  4. Which statement best describes content validity of a chiropractic patient outcome questionnaire?

    Answer: Test items comprehensively represent all relevant domains of the construct being measured

    Content validity ensures that the items in a questionnaire adequately cover all relevant aspects of the construct of interest.

  5. Confounding in an observational study occurs when:

    Answer: A third variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome

    A confounder is a variable that is associated with both the independent variable and the dependent variable, distorting the true relationship.

  6. A researcher reports a 95% confidence interval of 2.1 to 4.7 for a relative risk estimate. This means:

    Answer: If the study were repeated 100 times, approximately 95 intervals would contain the true value

    The frequentist interpretation of a 95% CI is that 95% of such intervals calculated from repeated samples would contain the true population parameter.

  7. In outcomes research, the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) refers to:

    Answer: The minimum change in a patient-reported outcome considered meaningful to the patient

    The MCID is the smallest change in an outcome measure that patients perceive as beneficial and would justify altering treatment.