Human Growth and Development Flashcards

A 70-year-old client expresses a sense of regret and disappointment when reflecting on his life. He feels he has not accomplished much and has made many poor decisions. According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which conflict is this client most likely experiencing?

Answer: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's final stage, Ego Integrity vs. Despair, occurs in late adulthood (age 65+). During this stage, individuals reflect on their lives. A sense of satisfaction and accomplishment leads to wisdom and integrity, while regret and a feeling of a wasted life lead to despair.

A social worker observes a 4-year-old child in a preschool setting who is able to use symbols and language but struggles to see situations from others' points of view. The child assumes that everyone else thinks and feels the same way she does. According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this child is demonstrating characteristics of which stage?

Answer: Preoperational Stage

The Preoperational Stage (ages 2-7) is characterized by the development of language and symbolic thinking. However, a key limitation of this stage is egocentrism, which is the inability to take the perspective of another person.

A teenager decides not to cheat on an exam because he believes that following the rules and maintaining social order is important for society to function properly. According to Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development, which level of morality is this teenager exhibiting?

Answer: Conventional

The Conventional level of moral development is characterized by an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong. At this level (specifically Stage 4, 'Maintaining Social Order'), an individual obeys rules and laws to avoid guilt and maintain a functioning society.

Which of the following concepts is central to Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of development?

Answer: The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the critical role of social interaction in cognitive development. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is a core concept, representing the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance and collaboration from a 'More Knowledgeable Other.'

A social worker is working with a 25-year-old client who reports feeling lonely and has difficulty forming meaningful, lasting relationships. The client states a fear of commitment and avoids deep emotional connections. According to Erikson's stages, this client is struggling with the central conflict of which stage?

Answer: Intimacy vs. Isolation

The Intimacy vs. Isolation stage typically occurs in young adulthood (ages 18-40). The central task is to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.

A 9-year-old child is able to think logically about concrete events, understands the concept of conservation (i.e., that the amount of a liquid remains the same even if poured into a differently shaped container), and can classify objects into different sets. Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development has this child most likely reached?

Answer: Concrete Operational Stage

The Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7-11) is marked by the development of logical thought concerning concrete events. Key abilities that emerge during this stage include conservation, seriation, and the ability to classify objects.