MSN Advanced Pathophysiology

Question 1

Which mechanism primarily causes the symptoms of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Compensatory neurohormonal activation leading to fluid retention

Answer

Excessive red blood cell production

Answer

Decreased platelet aggregation

Answer

Hyperactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 2

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, which pathophysiological process is most central?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral insulin resistance combined with progressive beta cell dysfunction

Answer

Absolute insulin deficiency due to beta cell destruction

Answer

Excess glucagon secretion only

Answer

Autoimmune destruction of alpha cells

Question 3

Which inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for fever during an acute infection?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and prostaglandin E2

Answer

Thromboxane A2

Answer

Bradykinin alone

Answer

Complement C3a

Question 4

A patient develops acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Which pathophysiological change occurs first?

Accepted Answer

Diffuse alveolar damage with increased capillary permeability

Answer

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Answer

Pleural effusion

Question 5

In chronic kidney disease, which compensatory mechanism initially maintains glomerular filtration rate?

Accepted Answer

Hyperfiltration in remaining nephrons

Answer

Increased erythropoietin secretion

Answer

Decreased renin release

Answer

Hyperparathyroidism

Question 6

Which mechanism explains the hypercoagulability seen in malignancy-associated thrombosis?

Accepted Answer

Tumor cells expressing tissue factor that activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway

Answer

Excessive platelet destruction

Answer

Deficiency of von Willebrand factor

Answer

Overproduction of protein C