MSN Advanced Pathophysiology 3

Question 1

Which cellular mechanism underlies the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal hemoglobin S polymerizes under low oxygen tension, distorting red blood cells

Answer

Autoimmune hemolysis of normal red cells

Answer

Iron overload causing oxidative damage to erythrocytes

Answer

Folate deficiency impairing red cell maturation

Question 2

Increased intracranial pressure causes Cushing's triad. Which combination of findings comprises it?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations

Answer

Tachycardia, hypotension, and tachypnea

Answer

Fever, nuchal rigidity, and altered consciousness

Answer

Hypotension, tachycardia, and diaphoresis

Question 3

In nephrotic syndrome, which mechanism best explains the peripheral edema?

Accepted Answer

Hypoalbuminemia reducing oncotic pressure and shifting fluid into interstitium

Answer

Increased aldosterone from primary adrenal pathology

Answer

Direct lymphatic obstruction by the kidneys

Answer

Elevated antidiuretic hormone causing free water retention

Question 4

Which pathophysiological mechanism accounts for the anemia of chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient erythropoietin production by damaged renal peritubular cells

Answer

Iron malabsorption due to uremic gastritis

Answer

Autoimmune destruction of red blood cells by uremic toxins

Answer

Folate deficiency from dialysis losses

Question 5

Myasthenia gravis results from autoantibodies targeting which structure?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

Answer

Voltage-gated calcium channels at the presynaptic terminal

Answer

Dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia

Answer

GABA receptors in the spinal cord

Question 6

In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which paradox is observed?

Accepted Answer

Simultaneous thrombosis and hemorrhage due to consumption of clotting factors

Answer

Excess clotting with no bleeding tendency

Answer

Isolated platelet dysfunction without fibrin formation

Answer

Selective arterial clotting with venous protection