MSN Advanced Pathophysiology 2

Question 1

Cor pulmonale develops as a result of which underlying pathophysiological process?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary hypertension leading to right ventricular hypertrophy

Answer

Left ventricular failure causing right-sided backup

Answer

Systemic hypertension overloading the right heart

Answer

Mitral stenosis reducing right output

Question 2

In septic shock, which initial hemodynamic pattern is characteristically observed?

Accepted Answer

Low systemic vascular resistance with high cardiac output (warm shock)

Answer

High systemic vascular resistance with low cardiac output

Answer

Normal cardiac output with elevated central venous pressure

Answer

Bradycardia with diastolic hypertension

Question 3

Which pathophysiological change causes the Kussmaul breathing pattern in diabetic ketoacidosis?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis stimulating chemoreceptors to increase ventilation

Answer

Metabolic alkalosis stimulating the respiratory center

Answer

Hypoxemia triggering peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer

Hypernatremia affecting central osmoreceptors

Question 4

Atherosclerosis formation begins with which initial pathological event?

Accepted Answer

Endothelial dysfunction and LDL infiltration into the intima

Answer

Smooth muscle cell proliferation

Answer

Platelet aggregation at intact vessel walls

Answer

Calcification of the tunica media

Question 5

A patient with chronic liver disease develops hepatic encephalopathy. Which substance primarily contributes to neurological dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

Ammonia accumulating due to impaired hepatic urea cycle

Answer

Elevated direct bilirubin crossing the blood-brain barrier

Answer

Excess cortisol from adrenal insufficiency

Answer

Hypoglycemia from glycogen depletion

Question 6

In obstructive lung disease, which change to the flow-volume loop is most characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Scooped-out (concave) expiratory curve with reduced peak expiratory flow

Answer

Decreased total lung capacity with elevated residual volume

Answer

Tall, narrow loop with reduced total area

Answer

Flattened inspiratory loop with normal expiratory curve