MC Master of Counseling: Human Development and Lifespan

Question 1

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the central developmental conflict of early adulthood (ages 20–40)?

Accepted Answer

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Question 2

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development identifies four stages. Which stage is characterized by the development of object permanence?

Accepted Answer

Sensorimotor stage

Answer

Preoperational stage

Answer

Concrete operational stage

Answer

Formal operational stage

Question 3

John Bowlby's attachment theory proposes that infants develop secure attachments to caregivers primarily based on which factor?

Accepted Answer

The caregiver's responsiveness and sensitivity to the infant's needs

Answer

The caregiver's physical appearance

Answer

The total amount of time spent with the caregiver

Answer

The caregiver's socioeconomic status

Question 4

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes which of the following sets of levels?

Accepted Answer

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional

Answer

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, and Operational

Answer

Trust, Autonomy, and Initiative

Answer

Id, Ego, and Superego

Question 5

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to:

Accepted Answer

The gap between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with skilled guidance

Answer

The range of skills a child can perform completely independently

Answer

The emotional support provided by caregivers in the home

Answer

The broader social context in which all learning occurs

Question 6

Which theorist is best known for proposing the hierarchy of needs, which includes physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow

Answer

Carl Rogers

Answer

Albert Bandura

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Question 7

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure identified several infant attachment styles. Which style is characterized by intense distress at the caregiver's departure but ambivalence or resistance to comfort upon reunion?

Accepted Answer

Anxious-ambivalent (resistant) attachment

Answer

Secure attachment

Answer

Avoidant attachment

Answer

Disorganized attachment