Foundations of Reading Flashcards

Which characteristic is most commonly associated with the definition of dyslexia?

Answer: Persistent difficulty with accurate and fluent word recognition despite adequate instruction and intelligence

Dyslexia is characterized by unexpected difficulty with accurate and fluent word recognition, phonological processing, and/or spelling that persists despite conventional instruction and adequate intelligence.

A reading assessment that measures a student's accuracy, rate (words per minute), and prosody is most directly assessing which skill?

Answer: Oral reading fluency

Oral reading fluency assessments measure all three components — accuracy, rate, and prosody (expression and phrasing) — which together bridge decoding and comprehension.

In a Response to Intervention (RTI) model, Tier 2 instruction is best characterized as:

Answer: Supplemental small-group intervention for students who did not sufficiently respond to core instruction

Tier 2 in RTI provides targeted, small-group supplemental instruction to students who need additional support beyond the core (Tier 1) classroom instruction but have not yet been identified for special education.

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) in reading is primarily used to:

Answer: Monitor student progress over time and inform instructional adjustments

CBMs are brief, standardized measures administered frequently to monitor student progress and provide teachers with actionable data for making timely instructional decisions.

Which reading intervention approach is most aligned with structured literacy principles recommended for students identified with dyslexia?

Answer: Systematic and explicit instruction in phonology, phonics, and morphology

Structured literacy instruction — which is explicit, systematic, and sequential and addresses phonology, phonics, morphology, syntax, and semantics — is the evidence-based approach recommended for students with dyslexia.

A second-grade student accurately reads CVC words with short vowel sounds but consistently misreads long vowel patterns such as vowel-consonant-e words. The most appropriate instructional response is to:

Answer: Introduce explicit, systematic instruction in vowel-consonant-e (VCe) patterns

Since the student has mastered short-vowel CVC patterns, the logical next instructional step in a systematic phonics sequence is explicit teaching of VCe (vowel-consonant-e) long-vowel patterns.

Which of the following best describes the role of morphological awareness in reading development?

Answer: It enables students to use knowledge of prefixes, suffixes, and roots to decode and understand unfamiliar words

Morphological awareness — knowledge of word parts such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots — supports both the decoding of multisyllabic words and vocabulary development, making it an essential component of advanced reading instruction.