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Maritime Environmental Law and Pollution Flashcards

7 cards from real Maritime Law practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. Under OPA 90, liability limits for tank vessels are generally calculated based on:

    Answer: Per gross ton of the vessel, subject to a statutory minimum amount

    OPA 90 sets liability caps for tank vessels based on per gross ton of the vessel, with a minimum floor amount, though these caps are lifted upon proof of gross negligence or willful misconduct.

  2. MARPOL Annex VI specifically regulates:

    Answer: Prevention of air pollution from ships

    MARPOL Annex VI, adopted in 1997, establishes regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships, including limits on sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone-depleting substances.

  3. The International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC) Fund was established under:

    Answer: The 1971 Fund Convention and its 1992 Protocol

    The IOPC Fund was established by the 1971 Fund Convention (and the 1992 Fund Protocol) to provide additional compensation beyond what tanker owners pay under the Civil Liability Convention when that amount is insufficient.

  4. Under EPA regulations implementing the Clean Water Act, a 'harmful quantity' of oil is defined as any discharge that:

    Answer: Causes a film, sheen, or discoloration on the water surface

    Under EPA regulations, a harmful quantity of oil is any amount that causes a film or sheen upon, or discoloration of, the surface of the water or adjoining shorelines, making even small discharges potentially illegal.

  5. The Bunker Convention 2001 was designed to provide compensation for:

    Answer: Pollution damage caused by bunker fuel spills from non-tanker vessels

    The Bunker Convention 2001 establishes a liability and compensation regime specifically for pollution damage caused by spills of bunker (fuel) oil from ships other than tankers, filling a gap left by the CLC.

  6. MARPOL Annex II addresses which category of shipborne pollutant?

    Answer: Prevention of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk

    MARPOL Annex II regulates the discharge of noxious liquid substances (NLS) carried in bulk, categorizing them by hazard level and imposing strict discharge and tank-washing requirements.

  7. Under OPA 90, which of the following circumstances defeats a responsible party's statutory liability limits, exposing them to unlimited liability?

    Answer: Gross negligence, willful misconduct, or violation of a federal safety regulation

    OPA 90 removes liability limits when the discharge results from gross negligence, willful misconduct, or violation of an applicable federal safety, construction, or operating regulation by the responsible party.