Reading: Sentence and Summary Completion Flashcards

Passage: 'Photosynthesis allows plants to convert sunlight into chemical energy stored as glucose, using carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil.' Sentence to complete: Through photosynthesis, plants transform light energy into ___ energy, which is stored as glucose.

Answer: chemical

'Chemical energy stored as glucose' is used directly in the passage.

Passage: 'The collapse of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 AD left a power vacuum that led to fragmentation of political authority across Europe for several centuries.' Summary to complete: After Rome fell, Europe experienced political ___ for hundreds of years as no single authority took control.

Answer: fragmentation

'Fragmentation of political authority' is used directly in the passage.

Passage: 'Access to clean drinking water remains one of the world's most pressing challenges, with over two billion people lacking safe water supplies and relying on contaminated sources.' Sentence to complete: More than two billion people do not have safe ___ water, forcing them to use polluted sources.

Answer: drinking

'Clean drinking water' is used directly in the passage.

Passage: 'The Silk Road was not merely a trade route for goods such as silk and spices, but also a conduit for the exchange of ideas, religion, and technology between East and West.' Summary to complete: Beyond enabling trade, the Silk Road facilitated the ___ of ideas, religion, and technology across continents.

Answer: exchange

'A conduit for the exchange' is used directly in the passage.

Passage: 'Urbanisation leads to the creation of heat islands, where city centres are significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas due to heat-absorbing surfaces and reduced vegetation.' Sentence to complete: Cities are often warmer than rural areas because their surfaces ___ heat and they have less vegetation.

Answer: absorb

'Heat-absorbing surfaces' is paraphrased as 'surfaces absorb heat'.

Passage: 'Space exploration has yielded numerous technological advances that have improved daily life on Earth, including GPS navigation, water purification systems, and scratch-resistant lenses.' Summary to complete: Many everyday technologies, such as GPS and water purification, are ___ of space exploration.

Answer: advances

'Technological advances' yielded by space exploration are stated in the passage.

Passage: 'Meditation and mindfulness practices have been clinically shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, offering a low-cost, accessible complement to pharmaceutical treatments.' Sentence to complete: Clinical studies have found that mindfulness can help ___ symptoms of anxiety and depression at low cost.

Answer: reduce

'Reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression' is used directly in the passage.