Reading: Sentence and Summary Completion Flashcards

Passage: 'The depletion of ozone in the stratosphere allows higher levels of ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing the risk of skin cancer in humans.' Sentence to complete: When the ozone layer thins, more UV radiation penetrates the atmosphere, raising the likelihood of ___ in people.

Answer: skin cancer

'Increasing the risk of skin cancer' is directly paraphrased as 'raising the likelihood of skin cancer'.

Passage: 'Migratory birds navigate using the Earth's magnetic field, the position of stars, and landmark recognition, combining multiple systems to ensure accuracy.' Summary to complete: Migratory birds use a ___ of navigational methods to find their way.

Answer: combination

'Combining multiple systems' paraphrases as 'a combination of navigational methods'.

Passage: 'Sleep deprivation has been shown to impair cognitive functions including memory consolidation, attention, and decision-making, even after a single poor night.' Sentence to complete: A lack of adequate sleep can damage cognitive abilities such as the ability to ___ memories effectively.

Answer: consolidate

'Memory consolidation' is directly named in the passage; the verb form is 'consolidate'.

Passage: 'Rainforest deforestation not only destroys habitat for wildlife but also disrupts the water cycle, leading to changes in regional rainfall patterns.' Sentence to complete: Cutting down rainforests affects more than wildlife — it also disturbs the water cycle and alters ___ patterns.

Answer: rainfall

'Changes in regional rainfall patterns' directly becomes 'alters rainfall patterns'.

Passage: 'Many ancient civilisations developed independently in river valleys because the fertile soil created by seasonal flooding enabled consistent agricultural production.' Summary to complete: River valleys attracted early civilisations due to ___ soil that supported reliable farming.

Answer: fertile

'Fertile soil' is used directly in the passage.

Passage: 'The widespread adoption of electric vehicles is constrained by the limited availability of charging infrastructure, particularly in rural areas.' Sentence to complete: Electric vehicles are not yet widely used partly because ___ for charging is insufficient, especially outside cities.

Answer: infrastructure

'Limited availability of charging infrastructure' is paraphrased as 'infrastructure for charging is insufficient'.

Passage: 'Scientists have found that exposure to natural light during the day helps regulate the body's circadian rhythm, promoting better sleep at night.' Summary to complete: Daytime exposure to natural light can ___ the body's internal clock, improving night-time sleep.

Answer: regulate

'Regulate the body's circadian rhythm' is used almost verbatim in the summary.