Research and Scientific Foundations Flashcards
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Read the first 7 Research and Scientific Foundations flashcards as text
A researcher commits a Type II error in a clinical trial. This means the researcher:
Answer: Failed to detect a true treatment effect that actually exists
A Type II error (false negative) occurs when a researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false, missing a real effect.
Which analytic approach is most appropriate when the goal is to explore patients' lived experience of chronic pain?
Answer: Interpretive phenomenological analysis
Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) is a qualitative method designed to explore individuals' subjective lived experiences in depth.
The term 'number needed to treat' (NNT) refers to:
Answer: The average number of patients who must receive treatment for one additional patient to benefit
NNT = 1 / absolute risk reduction; it conveys how many patients must be treated to prevent one additional adverse event or achieve one additional benefit.
A researcher corrects for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method when conducting 10 simultaneous tests at α = .05. The adjusted alpha per test is:
Answer: .005
The Bonferroni correction divides the familywise alpha by the number of tests: .05 / 10 = .005.
Ecological validity in psychological research refers to the degree to which:
Answer: Findings generalize to real-world settings and everyday behaviors
Ecological validity reflects whether research findings and methods translate meaningfully to real-world, naturalistic contexts.
In an intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis, participants are analyzed:
Answer: According to the group they were randomly assigned to, regardless of treatment received
ITT analysis preserves randomization by analyzing all participants in their originally assigned groups, minimizing attrition bias.
A mixed-methods study uses qualitative findings to help explain unexpected quantitative results. This is an example of which mixed-methods design?
Answer: Explanatory sequential design
In an explanatory sequential design, qualitative data collection follows quantitative data collection and is used to explain or elaborate on the quantitative findings.