Explanation:
The hourly maintenance fluid rate for an 11-pound infant is typically calculated using the Holliday-Segar method, which suggests a rate of approximately 4 mL/kg/hour for the first 10 kg of body weight.
For an 11-pound infant (approximately 5 kg):
4 mL/kg/hour × 5 kg = 20 mL/hour
Explanation:
Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic disorder affecting muscle function, and patients may be sensitive to depolarizing muscle relaxants like succinylcholine. Therefore, using a short-acting nondepolarizing muscle relaxant is preferred to avoid complications associated with prolonged neuromuscular blockade in these patients.
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Explanation:
Potential complications of pulmonary artery catheter insertion include cardiac perforation, which can lead to serious consequences such as cardiac tamponade, and pulmonary infarction, which may occur if the catheter obstructs a pulmonary artery branch. Left bundle-branch block and mitral valve rupture are not typically associated with pulmonary artery catheter insertion.
Explanation:
To calculate cardiac output (CO), you can use the formula:
CO = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
Given:
Stroke Volume (SV) = 60 mL
Heart Rate (HR) = 50 beats per minute
First, calculate the cardiac output in mL/min:
CO = 60 mL × 50 beats/min
CO = 3000 mL/min
Now, convert mL/min to L/min (since 1 L = 1000 mL):
CO = 3 L/min
Explanation:
Intrathecal narcotic administration affects pain perception by directly acting on opioid receptors in the spinal cord, resulting in pain relief. It does not typically cause loss of proprioception, skeletal muscle weakness, or sympathetic nervous system denervation.
Explanation:
Exercise tolerance, typically assessed through an exercise stress test or similar methods, is considered the best indicator for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the pre-operative assessment for vascular surgery patients. It provides valuable information about cardiovascular function and the presence of ischemic symptoms during physical exertion, which is crucial in determining the patient's risk during surgery.
Explanation:
Mivacurium is a neuromuscular blocking agent that belongs to the benzylisoquinoline class of compounds. It is a short-acting nondepolarizing muscle relaxant used in anesthesia.
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Explanation:
Naloxone is a competitive antagonist at opioid receptors, which means it binds with high affinity to these receptors and competitively blocks the effects of opioid agonists. It is also reversible, meaning its effects can be overcome as it eventually dissociates from the receptor, allowing opioids to re-bind and exert their effects again. Naloxone does not have intrinsic activity at opioid receptors, and stereoselectivity is not typically relevant in its pharmacologic action.
Explanation:
Loss of deep tendon reflexes is typically the first sign of magnesium toxicity when used for seizure prophylaxis in preeclampsia. Magnesium can accumulate in the body, leading to neuromuscular effects such as diminished reflexes before more severe symptoms like respiratory depression, hypotension, or cardiac conduction defects occur.
Explanation:
Zone 3 occurs in dependent lung regions where alveolar pressure exceeds arterial and venous pressures. This positioning allows for optimal gas exchange in these areas, which are crucial for maintaining adequate ventilation and perfusion balance during anesthesia.
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Explanation:
Placenta accreta and placenta increta are abnormal placental implantations where the placenta attaches too deeply into the uterine wall beyond the endometrium. Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta implants low in the uterus, partially or completely covering the cervix. Abruptio placentae is a condition where the placenta prematurely separates from the uterus before delivery, which is different from abnormal implantation.
