Sell walls and photoplasm absorb water by the process of imbibition, which makes them softer, swallen, and more elastic. Utilizing the energy from sunshine, photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide into sugars, water, and byproducts from a hydrogen donor.

Statement 1 is false; statement 2 is true.

Stunting or reduced growth are symptoms of nutritional deficiencies. The main causes of severe stunting are potassium and iron deficiency.

Statement 1 is false; statement 2 is true

Free Bachelor of Forestry Forest Ecosystem Questions and Answers — Questions and Answers

Question 1: Which phrase best describes the traits of natural regenerations? I. Often the simplest and cheapest type of forest management because it requires small investment. II. It may result un the production of better quality trees III. It is applicable in degraded areas

I and II (Correct answer)
II and III
I and II
I, II and III

Correct answer: I and II

Natural regeneration relies on existing seed sources and natural processes, making it generally less costly and simpler than artificial regeneration (planting), thus requiring small investment. It can also lead to better quality trees that are well-adapted to the local environment. However, it is typically not applicable in severely degraded areas where natural seed sources or conditions for germination are insufficient, requiring human intervention.

Question 2: Sell walls and photoplasm absorb water by the process of imbibition, which makes them softer, swallen, and more elastic. Utilizing the energy from sunshine, photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide into sugars, water, and byproducts from a hydrogen donor.

Statement 1 is true; statement 2 is false.
Statement 1 is false; statement 2 is true.
All statements are true (Correct answer)
All statements are false

Correct answer: All statements are true

Statement 1 is true: Plant cell walls and protoplasm absorb water through imbibition, causing them to swell, soften, and become more elastic, which is crucial for turgor and growth. Statement 2 is also true: Photosynthesis utilizes sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide into sugars (glucose), with water (or another hydrogen donor) as a reactant, producing oxygen as a byproduct. Both describe fundamental biological processes accurately.

Question 3: Which species does the Philippines NOT have as its native species?

Gubas
Bagras
Yemane (Correct answer)
Kaatoan bangkal

Correct answer: Yemane

Gubas (Endospermum peltatum), Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta), and Kaatoan bangkal (Anthocephalus cadamba) are all tree species native to the Philippines and commonly found or cultivated there. Yemane (Gmelina arborea), however, is native to India and Southeast Asia. It was introduced to the Philippines for reforestation and timber production, making it an exotic or introduced species, not indigenous.

Question 4: Stunting or reduced growth are symptoms of nutritional deficiencies. The main causes of severe stunting are potassium and iron deficiency.

All statements are false.
Statement 1 is false; statement 2 is true
All statements are true.
Statement 1 is true; statement 2 is false (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Statement 1 is true; statement 2 is false

Statement 1 is true because stunting or reduced growth is a classic symptom of various nutritional deficiencies in plants, as essential nutrients are required for proper development. Statement 2 is false because while potassium and iron are vital, severe stunting is more broadly associated with deficiencies in macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, or other micronutrients, rather than primarily potassium and iron deficiency alone.

Question 5: Which of the following describe clayey soil properties? I. Excellent water-holding capacity II. Excellent mineral-holding capacity III. Difficult to work

II and III
I, II and III (Correct answer)
I and II
I and III

Correct answer: I, II and III

Clayey soils are composed of very fine particles, which results in small pore spaces and a large surface area, giving them excellent water-holding capacity. This same characteristic also allows them to bind and hold onto mineral nutrients effectively, preventing leaching. However, their fine texture and tendency to become dense and sticky when wet, and hard when dry, make them notoriously difficult to work or till.

Question 6: What are the worst pests that attack pine trees in the Philippines?

Dioryctria rubella
Ips calligraphus (Correct answer)
Fusarium solani
pitrova cristata

Correct answer: Ips calligraphus

*Ips calligraphus*, commonly known as the six-spined ips, is a highly destructive bark beetle species that targets pine trees. These beetles bore into the bark and create extensive galleries, feeding on the phloem layer, which can girdle and ultimately kill the tree, especially during outbreaks or when trees are stressed. This makes them a significant threat to pine plantations in regions like the Philippines.

Question 7: The larva of the ozola minole, widely regarded as the most destructive bug of F. arborea, consume: I. Leaf margn II. make holes on the leaves III. eat the whole leaf

II and III
I and II (Correct answer)
I, II and III
I and III

Correct answer: I and II

Larvae of defoliating insects like *Ozola minor* typically exhibit specific feeding patterns. They often begin by consuming the softer tissues of the leaf, such as the margins, or by creating distinct holes within the leaf blade. While complete defoliation can occur, these initial patterns of marginal feeding and hole creation are characteristic early stages of their destructive activity.

Question 8: The process by which vital nutrients are sent back to the rooting zone is known as carbon cycling. Contrarily, nutrient cycling improves soil compaction.

The first statement is true, the second is false
All statement sre false (Correct answer)
All statements are true
The first statement is false; the second is true

Correct answer: All statement sre false

Both statements are false. Carbon cycling is the global process of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and living organisms, not specifically about nutrient return to the rooting zone. Nutrient cycling, on the other hand, is the process of recycling nutrients in an ecosystem, which improves soil fertility and structure, but it does not improve soil compaction; rather, healthy soil processes often work to reduce compaction.

Question 9: Species are only able to establish seedlings in widely dispersed settings.

Climax species
Keystone species
Endangered species
Pioneer species (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Pioneer species

Pioneer species are the first to colonize new or disturbed habitats, such as bare ground or areas after a fire. They are characterized by their ability to establish quickly in harsh conditions and often produce numerous, widely dispersed seeds (e.g., by wind or animals) that can easily reach these open, uncolonized settings. This dispersal strategy allows them to rapidly occupy available niches.

Question 10: Seeds from controlled collection locations are referred to as in the forest tree seed certification program.

Unclassified seeds
Progeny tested seeds
Certified seeds
Source identified seeds (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Source identified seeds

In forest tree seed certification programs, 'Source identified seeds' refers to seeds collected from a specific, known geographic location or stand, where the origin is documented and traceable. This classification ensures that the provenance of the seeds is known, which is crucial for matching seeds to appropriate planting sites and for maintaining genetic diversity, even without extensive genetic testing.

Question 11: Your forester told you that magnesium is lacking in your pine plantation. What does that indicate, exactly?

Needles turn yellowish from the tips (Correct answer)
needles look dry
Cones did not develop
Presence of fox-tails

Correct answer: Needles turn yellowish from the tips

Magnesium is a central component of chlorophyll, the green pigment essential for photosynthesis. When pine trees are deficient in magnesium, their needles, particularly older ones, will typically turn yellowish, often starting from the tips or margins and progressing inward. This chlorosis is a direct result of the plant's inability to produce sufficient chlorophyll without adequate magnesium.

Question 12: is the art and science of studying trees' exterior shape and structure, whereas is the science of classifying and nomenclaturing plants.

systematics and tree morphology
plant systematics and tree morphology
dendrology amd morphology
plant taxonomy and tree morphology (Correct answer)

Correct answer: plant taxonomy and tree morphology

Plant taxonomy is the scientific discipline focused on the classification, naming, and identification of plants based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. In contrast, tree morphology is the study of the external form and structure of trees, including their leaves, bark, branching patterns, and overall shape. These two fields are fundamental to understanding and managing forest ecosystems.

Question 13: which alludes to strictly enforced protected zones? I. Protected areas which have high biodiversity value. II. Protected area which are closed to all human activity except for religious use III. Protected areas which are open for all tourism activities

II & III
I & III
I & II (Correct answer)
I, II & III

Correct answer: I & II

Strictly enforced protected zones are typically established to safeguard areas of high biodiversity value from human disturbance. These zones often restrict most human activities, including general tourism, to preserve ecological processes and species. While some traditional or religious uses might be permitted, the primary goal is strict conservation, aligning with statements I and II.

Question 14: Ganonderma pseudoferreum and Fomes lignosis are two possible causes of wood deterioration. Sclerotium rolfsii, on the other hand, is the culprit behind damping off.

The first statement is true, the second is false (Correct answer)
All statements are true
All statements are false

Correct answer: The first statement is true, the second is false

The first statement is true: *Ganoderma pseudoferreum* and *Fomes lignosus* (now often *Rigidoporus lignosus*) are well-known fungal pathogens that cause significant root and stem rot, leading to wood deterioration in various tree species. The second statement is false: *Sclerotium rolfsii* causes southern blight, but damping-off, a common seedling disease, is primarily caused by other fungi like *Pythium*, *Phytophthora*, or *Rhizoctonia*.

Question 15: What factors in general affect the seed or seedling quality?

Parent's physical appereance and soil nutrients
Parent's genetic composition and soil nutrients
Parent's genetic composition and/or environment (Correct answer)
Parent's physical appereance and environment

Correct answer: Parent's genetic composition and/or environment

The quality of seeds and seedlings is a direct result of both their genetic makeup and the environmental conditions they experience. The parent's genetic composition determines the inherent potential for traits like growth rate and disease resistance, while the environment (e.g., soil nutrients, water, light) influences how fully these genetic potentials are expressed during development.

Question 16: a straightforward, dry fruit that dehisces from a complex pistil.

berry
tuber
capsule (Correct answer)
pod

Correct answer: capsule

A capsule is a type of simple, dry fruit that develops from a compound pistil (formed from two or more fused carpels) and dehisces, or splits open, at maturity to release its seeds. This distinguishes it from fleshy fruits like berries, underground storage organs like tubers, and legumes (pods) which typically develop from a single carpel.

Free Bachelor of Forestry Forest Ecosystem Questions and Answers

Which phrase best describes the traits of natural regenerations?
I.
Often the simplest and cheapest type of forest management because it requires small investment.
II.
It may result un the production of better quality trees
III.
It is applicable in degraded areas