FREE AP-Micro (Microbiology) Cell Structure and Function Questions and Answers
Which component is unique to prokaryotic cells and helps maintain their shape and protect against osmotic pressure?
Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan (in most cases) that provides structural support and protection. Eukaryotic cells may also have cell walls (e.g., in plants or fungi), but their composition differs (cellulose or chitin). Prokaryotes lack organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and a nucleus.
What structure in a bacterial cell is responsible for motility?
The flagellum is a whip-like structure that allows bacterial cells to move. Pili are involved in attachment or genetic exchange, ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the capsule provides protection against the host immune system or desiccation.
Which of the following is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Ribosomes are universal structures found in all living cells, as they are essential for protein synthesis. Eukaryotes have organelles such as the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria, which are absent in prokaryotes.
What is the primary function of the bacterial capsule?
The bacterial capsule is an outer layer that helps bacteria evade the immune system by protecting them from being engulfed and destroyed by phagocytes. It also aids in adherence to surfaces and preventing desiccation.
Which of the following structures allows bacteria to exchange genetic material?
The pilus, specifically the sex pilus, facilitates conjugation, a process by which genetic material (e.g., plasmids) is transferred between bacterial cells. This contributes to genetic variation and the spread of antibiotic resistance.