Emergency Medical Care Flashcards

Upon arriving at the scene of a vehicle collision, a firefighter finds an adult male patient who is unresponsive. During the primary assessment, which of the following actions should be performed FIRST?

Answer: Check for and control any life-threatening external bleeding.

Modern trauma care protocols, such as XABCDE or MARCH, prioritize controlling massive, life-threatening hemorrhage even before airway management. [47] An unresponsive patient can bleed to death in minutes, making hemorrhage control the most critical initial intervention. [47] While airway, breathing, and circulation are all vital, they are addressed immediately after catastrophic bleeding is stopped.

According to the most recent American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines, what is the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio and compression depth for single-rescuer adult CPR?

Answer: 30 compressions to 2 ventilations; depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) but no more than 2.4 inches (6 cm).

The American Heart Association guidelines specify a universal compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for a single rescuer on an adult victim. [8] The recommended compression depth for adults is at least 2 inches (5 cm) but should not exceed 2.4 inches (6 cm) to avoid injury. [7, 11]

A firefighter is treating a patient with a deep laceration to the forearm. The wound is issuing bright red blood in distinct spurts that correspond with the patient's heartbeat. Which type of bleeding is this?

Answer: Arterial

Arterial bleeding is characterized by bright red, oxygen-rich blood that spurts or pulses in sync with the heartbeat due to the high pressure within the arteries. [5, 6, 12] Venous bleeding is typically a darker red and flows steadily, while capillary bleeding is a slow ooze.

You are treating a trauma patient who is pale, has cool and clammy skin, a rapid and weak pulse, and a decreased level of consciousness. These are classic signs of shock. Which of the following represents the MOST appropriate initial management for this patient?

Answer: Controlling external bleeding, maintaining normal body temperature, and placing the patient supine.

The prehospital treatment for hypovolemic shock focuses on controlling any further fluid/blood loss, preventing hypothermia (which worsens bleeding), and positioning the patient to maximize blood flow to vital organs. [10, 45] Placing the patient supine is standard unless other injuries prevent it. While oxygen is important, the foundational treatment is to stop the loss and maintain temperature.

A nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) is the preferred basic airway adjunct over an oropharyngeal airway (OPA) for which type of patient?

Answer: A patient with a reduced level of consciousness who has an intact gag reflex.

A nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) is tolerated by patients who are conscious or semi-conscious because it does not stimulate the gag reflex like an oropharyngeal airway (OPA) would. [1, 2, 26, 28] An OPA is only appropriate for deeply unresponsive patients without a gag reflex. NPAs are contraindicated in cases of suspected basilar skull fracture or severe nasal trauma.

A firefighter is providing initial care for a victim with partial-thickness thermal burns covering their entire forearm. What is the MOST appropriate immediate treatment?

Answer: Cool the burn with clean, running water for at least 20 minutes, then cover loosely with a dry, sterile dressing.

The standard of care for thermal burns is to stop the burning process by cooling the area with cool (not cold or icy) running water for at least 20 minutes. [27, 38, 44] After cooling, the burn should be covered with a loose, dry, sterile dressing or clean plastic wrap to prevent infection and reduce pain. [41, 44] Applying ice can cause further tissue damage, and ointments can trap heat and interfere with later medical assessment.