FED (Psychological) 4 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which psychologist is primarily associated with the stages of moral development progressing from pre-conventional to post-conventional reasoning?
- Erik Erikson
- Jean Piaget
- Lawrence Kohlberg (Correct answer)
- Carol Gilligan
Correct answer: Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg extended Piaget's moral reasoning work into a six-stage model organized across pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels.
Question 2: A child who believes that breaking 15 cups accidentally is naughtier than breaking 1 cup intentionally is displaying moral reasoning characteristic of which stage?
- Post-conventional stage
- Autonomous morality
- Heteronomous morality (Correct answer)
- Conventional stage
Correct answer: Heteronomous morality
Heteronomous morality, Piaget's first stage, judges acts by their physical consequences (damage) rather than the actor's intentions.
Question 3: Self-efficacy, as defined by Bandura, refers to:
- A person's overall self-esteem and sense of worth
- One's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations (Correct answer)
- The internalization of external motivators
- A fixed trait reflecting general intelligence
Correct answer: One's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations
Self-efficacy is a task-specific and situation-specific belief about one's capacity to execute the behaviors needed to produce particular outcomes.
Question 4: In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement produces the highest and most consistent response rate?
- Fixed-ratio schedule
- Variable-ratio schedule (Correct answer)
- Fixed-interval schedule
- Variable-interval schedule
Correct answer: Variable-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedules reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses, producing high, steady rates with strong resistance to extinction.
Question 5: Which of the following best describes 'transfer of learning'?
- Moving a student to a higher-level class
- Applying knowledge from one context to solve problems in a new context (Correct answer)
- Transferring student records between schools
- A student sharing notes with peers
Correct answer: Applying knowledge from one context to solve problems in a new context
Transfer of learning refers to the degree to which skills or knowledge acquired in one setting influence performance in a different setting.
Question 6: A teacher uses a quiet, calm voice when giving directions to a distressed student and the student gradually calms down. This is most analogous to which principle?
- Extinction through non-reinforcement
- Counter-conditioning (Correct answer)
- Modeling of extrinsic motivation
- Punishment by application
Correct answer: Counter-conditioning
Counter-conditioning pairs a stimulus that evokes a negative response with one that evokes an incompatible positive response, gradually replacing the original reaction.
Question 7: Which theorist proposed that children actively construct knowledge through assimilation and accommodation?
- B.F. Skinner
- Jean Piaget (Correct answer)
- Lev Vygotsky
- William James
Correct answer: Jean Piaget
Piaget's constructivist theory holds that learners build understanding by assimilating new information into existing schemas or accommodating schemas when new data conflicts.
FED (Psychological) 4
Which psychologist is primarily associated with the stages of moral development progressing from pre-conventional to post-conventional reasoning?