Hypothesis Testing Flashcards

When is a chi-square test of independence used?

Answer: To test whether two categorical variables are related

A chi-square test of independence evaluates whether there is a statistically significant association between two categorical variables.

An ANOVA test is used to:

Answer: Compare means across three or more groups simultaneously

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests whether the means of three or more independent groups differ significantly.

What does a larger absolute value of the test statistic indicate?

Answer: The observed data are further from what H₀ predicts

A larger test statistic means the sample result deviates more from the null hypothesis prediction, generally leading to a smaller p-value.

Which of the following is the correct order of steps in hypothesis testing?

Answer: State H₀ and H₁ → set α → collect data → compute test statistic → compare p to α

Proper hypothesis testing requires stating hypotheses and α before data collection to avoid bias in decision-making.

A two-sample t-test assumes which of the following?

Answer: Both populations are approximately normally distributed

A two-sample t-test requires that each population be approximately normal (or sample sizes be large enough for CLT to apply).

What is the critical value in hypothesis testing?

Answer: The boundary that defines the rejection region for the test statistic

The critical value is the cut-off point derived from the chosen α and sampling distribution that separates the rejection region from the non-rejection region.

A researcher reports β = 0.20. What is the power of the test?

Answer: 0.80

Power = 1 − β = 1 − 0.20 = 0.80, meaning there is an 80% chance of detecting a true effect.