ETS (Educational Testing Service) Practice Test — Questions and Answers

Question 1: The ETS Major Field Tests (MFTs) are used by colleges and universities primarily to assess which of the following?

Individual student licensure
English language proficiency
Graduate school admissions
Program-level student learning outcomes (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Program-level student learning outcomes

MFTs are used for institutional assessment and accreditation, measuring the collective outcomes of academic programs rather than individual licensing.

Question 2: Under IDEA, what document outlines the individualized assessment accommodations and testing modifications for a student with a disability?

Personal Curriculum
Individualized Education Program (IEP) (Correct answer)
Section 504 Plan
Student Learning Objective (SLO)

Correct answer: Individualized Education Program (IEP)

The IEP legally mandates specific accommodations and supports, including those related to assessment, for eligible students with disabilities.

Question 3: Which ETS publication series provides free, publicly available technical reports on psychometric and educational research?

ETS Policy Notes
ETS Statistical Bulletins
ETS Research Reports (Correct answer)
ETS Research Memoranda

Correct answer: ETS Research Reports

ETS Research Reports are openly available documents presenting original research on measurement, assessment, and learning conducted by ETS staff.

Question 4: What is the key distinction between a summative and a benchmark assessment in K-12 education?

Summative assessments are always multiple-choice; benchmark assessments are open-ended
Summative assessments evaluate learning at the end of an instructional period; benchmarks monitor progress at intervals throughout the year (Correct answer)
Summative assessments are administered individually; benchmarks are group assessments
Summative assessments are optional; benchmark assessments are mandatory under ESSA

Correct answer: Summative assessments evaluate learning at the end of an instructional period; benchmarks monitor progress at intervals throughout the year

Summative assessments (e.g., end-of-year exams) measure cumulative learning, while benchmarks check progress at strategic points during the school year.

Question 5: The digital SAT uses which type of adaptive testing format?

Fixed linear testing
Multistage adaptive testing (MST) (Correct answer)
Branching path testing
Item-level adaptive testing

Correct answer: Multistage adaptive testing (MST)

The digital SAT uses multistage adaptive testing (MST), where performance in the first module determines the difficulty of the second module in each section.

Question 6: According to the Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education, test users are responsible for which of the following?

Developing items that meet psychometric standards
Publishing technical manuals for each exam
Selecting tests appropriate for the intended purpose and population (Correct answer)
Setting industry-wide cut scores for licensure

Correct answer: Selecting tests appropriate for the intended purpose and population

The Code of Fair Testing Practices places the responsibility on test users to choose tests that are appropriate for the specific purpose and the examinees being tested.

Question 7: Why is continuing education important in Question Types?

To stay current with evolving standards and practices (Correct answer)
It is not important after certification
Only for re-certification requirements
To network only

Correct answer: To stay current with evolving standards and practices

Continuing education keeps professionals updated with the latest developments, standards, and best practices in their field.

Question 8: Which ETS framework describes a comprehensive approach to designing assessments grounded in cognitive theory and evidence?

Competency-Based Evaluation (CBE)
Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
Evidence-Centered Design (ECD) (Correct answer)
Bloom's Assessment Taxonomy

Correct answer: Evidence-Centered Design (ECD)

Evidence-Centered Design (ECD) is a principled framework developed at ETS that aligns assessment tasks, evidence, and inferences to the construct being measured.

Question 9: The SAT Math section allows a calculator on which portion?

No calculator is permitted
Only the first module
The entire Math section (Correct answer)
Only the second module

Correct answer: The entire Math section

In the current digital SAT format, a calculator is permitted throughout the entire Math section.

Question 10: Which ETS accommodation is available for test takers with documented disabilities who need additional testing time?

Test takers may self-certify disabilities on test day without prior documentation
Accommodations are only available for the TOEFL, not the GRE or Praxis
ETS offers extended time and other accommodations through a formal disability services request with documentation (Correct answer)
Extended time is automatically applied to all international test takers

Correct answer: ETS offers extended time and other accommodations through a formal disability services request with documentation

ETS requires advance application with supporting documentation to receive disability accommodations such as extended time or breaks.

Question 11: A researcher surveys a group of students and finds that 70% prefer online learning, while the remaining prefer in-person classes. If 120 students prefer in-person learning, how many students were surveyed in total?

360
400 (Correct answer)
150
240

Correct answer: 400

If 70% of students prefer online learning, then 100% - 70% = 30% prefer in-person classes. We are given that 120 students prefer in-person learning, which represents 30% of the total student population. To find the total number of students, we can set up the equation: 0.30 * Total Students = 120. Dividing 120 by 0.30 yields a total of 400 students surveyed.

Question 12: ETS's Policy Evaluation and Research Center (PERC) conducts research with what primary focus?

Education policy analysis and program evaluation (Correct answer)
Internal HR policy reviews
Cybersecurity policy for testing platforms
International trade policy affecting education markets

Correct answer: Education policy analysis and program evaluation

PERC conducts large-scale policy research and program evaluations to inform evidence-based education policy decisions at federal, state, and local levels.

Question 13: What is the mode of: 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 6?

5
4
3 (Correct answer)
2

Correct answer: 3

The mode is the value that appears most frequently. The number 3 appears three times, more than any other value.

Question 14: What is the primary purpose of the SAT School Day administration?

To administer makeup tests for students who missed the weekend sitting
To allow homeschooled students to test at community centers
To provide free SAT testing for 11th-grade students during the regular school day (Correct answer)
To test international students at US embassies

Correct answer: To provide free SAT testing for 11th-grade students during the regular school day

SAT School Day allows states, districts, and schools to offer the SAT to 11th graders during the school day, often at no cost to students.

Question 15: Which ETS digital tool provides score recipients with detailed score reports that include subscores and performance feedback?

ScoreSelect Score Report
ETS Performance Feedback Portal
ETS Diagnostic Service
ETS Score Insight (Correct answer)

Correct answer: ETS Score Insight

ETS Score Insight provides test takers with enhanced diagnostic feedback, including performance by skill area, to help them understand their results.

Question 16: What is the focus of ETS's Generalizability Theory (G-theory) research?

Estimating the generalizability of test scores across different conditions and raters (Correct answer)
Generalizing test norms to new countries
Making tests available in multiple languages
Applying scores from one test to predict performance on another

Correct answer: Estimating the generalizability of test scores across different conditions and raters

G-theory, advanced significantly through ETS research, quantifies how much score variance is attributable to different sources like raters, occasions, and tasks.

Question 17: A student receives a TOEFL iBT total score of 100. What does this indicate?

The student answered exactly 100 questions correctly
The student's speaking section was waived
The student is at the Advanced English proficiency level (Correct answer)
The student scored 100% on all sections

Correct answer: The student is at the Advanced English proficiency level

A TOEFL iBT score of 100 (out of 120) generally indicates Advanced English proficiency and meets or exceeds most top university requirements.

Question 18: What is the maximum composite score achievable on the current SAT?

1200
1400
2400
1600 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 1600

The SAT has a maximum composite score of 1600, comprising 800 points each in Evidence-Based Reading & Writing and Math.

Question 19: What is the primary purpose of ETS's test security technology called 'erasure analysis'?

Measuring the physical wear on pencil-based answer sheets
Detecting answer sheet scanning errors
Identifying suspicious patterns of changed answers that may indicate cheating (Correct answer)
Verifying that all bubbles are fully erased before rescoring

Correct answer: Identifying suspicious patterns of changed answers that may indicate cheating

Erasure analysis examines answer sheets for unusual patterns of erased and changed responses that may indicate improper assistance or answer copying.

Question 20: Which of the following actions by a test developer best exemplifies the ethical principle of beneficence in assessment?

Ensuring the test is shorter to reduce examinee fatigue
Charging lower fees to smaller institutions
Publishing all test items online after exam administration
Designing tests and reporting systems that promote learning and informed decisions (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Designing tests and reporting systems that promote learning and informed decisions

Beneficence in assessment means actively designing assessments and their reporting to benefit examinees and decision-makers, not merely avoiding harm.

Question 21: What technology does ETS use in its TOEFL iBT to deliver and score the Speaking section?

Handwriting recognition
Human raters reviewing live audio
SpeechRater automated scoring combined with human raters (Correct answer)
Facial recognition software

Correct answer: SpeechRater automated scoring combined with human raters

TOEFL iBT Speaking responses are scored using ETS's SpeechRater system for automated features and human raters to ensure accuracy and fairness.

Question 22: A test-taker's GRE Quantitative score is at the 70th percentile. What does this mean?

They need to score 30% higher to be competitive
They answered 70% of questions correctly
They scored 70 points above the minimum score
They scored higher than 70% of all test-takers in a reference group (Correct answer)

Correct answer: They scored higher than 70% of all test-takers in a reference group

A percentile rank indicates the percentage of test-takers in the reference group who scored lower than the individual, so 70th percentile means outperforming 70% of test-takers.

Question 23: How long are GRE scores valid for graduate school applications?

3 years
5 years (Correct answer)
10 years
1 year

Correct answer: 5 years

GRE scores are reportable for five years after the test date, after which they expire and cannot be sent to institutions.

Question 24: What is the name of ETS's primary peer-reviewed journal that publishes research on educational measurement?

Psychometrika
Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice
Journal of Educational Statistics
ETS Research Report Series (Correct answer)

Correct answer: ETS Research Report Series

ETS publishes the ETS Research Report Series, which disseminates technical research on psychometrics, test design, and educational measurement.

Question 25: Which of the following is the primary reason ETS introduced the 'Preview' feature during computer-based GRE testing?

To show test-takers the question types in each section before testing begins (Correct answer)
To preview essay prompts 24 hours before the test
To allow test-takers to see their scores before submitting
To let test-takers view and answer questions before the timer starts

Correct answer: To show test-takers the question types in each section before testing begins

The GRE Preview feature familiarizes test-takers with the question types and directions before each section's timer begins, reducing anxiety during testing.

Question 26: On the GRE Analytical Writing section, what is the recommended structure for the 'Analyze an Argument' task?

Summarize the argument and propose a counterargument
Write a creative response inspired by the argument's topic
Agree or disagree with the argument using personal experience
Identify logical flaws, unwarranted assumptions, and evidence gaps in the argument (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Identify logical flaws, unwarranted assumptions, and evidence gaps in the argument

For the Argument task, test-takers must critique the reasoning, not the topic itself—identifying assumptions, logical flaws, and missing evidence.

Question 27: ETS's ScoreSelect option on the GRE and TOEFL allows test takers to do what with their scores?

Share scores directly on LinkedIn
Choose which test date scores to send to institutions (Correct answer)
Request a manual rescore of their exam
Convert verbal scores to numerical equivalents

Correct answer: Choose which test date scores to send to institutions

ScoreSelect lets test takers decide which set of scores from past test dates to send to schools, rather than automatically sending all scores.

Question 28: On the SAT Reading section, 'Informational Graphics' questions ask students to:

Interpret data from a graph or table and relate it to the accompanying passage (Correct answer)
Explain why the author chose to include a visual element
Evaluate the accuracy of an author's statistical claims
Create a chart based on data in the passage

Correct answer: Interpret data from a graph or table and relate it to the accompanying passage

Informational Graphics questions require students to read and interpret data from charts, tables, or graphs and connect that information to the reading passage.

Question 29: Which ETS initiative focuses on developing assessments that measure skills such as critical thinking and collaboration alongside content knowledge?

21st Century Skills Assessment (Correct answer)
Performance Assessment Initiative
Project Kaleidoscope
Learning and Educational Achievement Framework (LEAF)

Correct answer: 21st Century Skills Assessment

ETS has invested in 21st Century Skills Assessment research to measure competencies like collaboration and critical thinking that go beyond traditional content knowledge.

Question 30: Which ETS digital service allows graduate and undergraduate programs to receive applicants' GRE scores electronically within a few days?

Electronic Score Reporting (ESR) (Correct answer)
ETS Score Connect
GRE Score Exchange
ETS Data Manager

Correct answer: Electronic Score Reporting (ESR)

Electronic Score Reporting (ESR) sends official GRE scores digitally to designated institutions, typically within a few business days after scores are available.

Question 31: ETS has partnered with which US government agency to conduct research on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)?

The National Science Foundation (NSF)
The Department of Labor
The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) (Correct answer)
The Department of Homeland Security

Correct answer: The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)

NCES, under the US Department of Education, oversees NAEP and has contracted ETS to conduct development, administration, and analysis work.

Question 32: What is the approximate total testing time for the GRE General Test (excluding breaks)?

3 hours 45 minutes
1 hour 30 minutes
4 hours 30 minutes
2 hours 45 minutes (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 2 hours 45 minutes

The revised shorter GRE General Test (introduced in 2023) takes approximately 1 hour and 58 minutes—roughly 2 hours—excluding optional breaks.

Question 33: Why is reading the question carefully important?

It doesn't matter
To avoid misinterpreting what is being asked (Correct answer)
To waste time
To memorize the question

Correct answer: To avoid misinterpreting what is being asked

Many wrong answers result from misreading questions. Key words like 'NOT,' 'EXCEPT,' 'BEST,' or 'MOST' can completely change what's being asked.

Question 34: Which ETS test uses 'Evidence-Based Reading and Writing' as a combined section score?

TOEFL iBT
Praxis Core
GRE General Test
SAT (Correct answer)

Correct answer: SAT

The SAT combines Reading and Writing & Language scores into a single Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score ranging from 200–800.

Question 35: Which ETS research program focuses specifically on improving assessment for English language learners (ELLs) in K–12 settings?

ELL Assessment Equity Project
Language Assessment Research Collaborative
TOEFL Academic Program
Understanding Language Initiative (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Understanding Language Initiative

The Understanding Language Initiative, supported by ETS research, focuses on linguistic demands of academic content and assessments for ELL students.

Question 36: Which ETS technology scans and processes millions of paper answer sheets and flags statistical anomalies in scoring?

OptiScan Answer Processing System (Correct answer)
ETS AutoScore Engine
ETS Data Analysis Platform
Scantron Integration Suite

Correct answer: OptiScan Answer Processing System

ETS uses high-speed optical scanning systems to capture and process paper answer sheets, with statistical checks to detect scoring irregularities.

Question 37: The PRAXIS Core Academic Skills for Educators test is primarily designed for which group?

Graduate students applying to PhD programs
Prospective K–12 teachers seeking licensure (Correct answer)
Engineers seeking professional certification
International students applying to US colleges

Correct answer: Prospective K–12 teachers seeking licensure

The Praxis Core is used by state education agencies and teacher preparation programs to evaluate the academic skills of prospective teachers.

Question 38: Which ETS test is specifically designed to assess English proficiency for academic settings at the university level?

TOEFL iBT (Correct answer)
TOEIC
Praxis Core
GRE Verbal

Correct answer: TOEFL iBT

TOEFL iBT (Test of English as a Foreign Language Internet-Based Test) is designed to assess academic English proficiency for university admissions.

Question 39: A candidate's Praxis score report typically includes scores valid for how many years?

Indefinitely (Correct answer)
5 years
10 years
1 year

Correct answer: Indefinitely

Praxis scores do not expire and are considered valid indefinitely, though individual states may have their own requirements about score age.

Question 40: What security feature does ETS use at test centers to verify a test taker's identity before the exam begins?

Biometric palm vein scanning at select centers (Correct answer)
Social security number verification
Email confirmation code entry
Password entry linked to registration

Correct answer: Biometric palm vein scanning at select centers

Some ETS test centers use biometric palm vein scanning as a secure, contactless method of verifying that the person testing matches the registered candidate.

Question 41: A test taker requests double the standard testing time (200%) for the GRE. ETS grants 50% extended time instead. What principle guides this decision?

ETS uses a lottery system when multiple time extensions are possible
ETS provides accommodations that are reasonable and directly tied to the documented functional limitation (Correct answer)
ETS grants accommodations based on the test taker's preference
ETS always grants the maximum accommodation requested

Correct answer: ETS provides accommodations that are reasonable and directly tied to the documented functional limitation

ETS calibrates accommodations to the documented need; extended time must be justified by the specific functional limitations described in professional evaluation reports.

Question 42: Choose the correct sentence:

She has been working here for five years. (Correct answer)
She is working here since five years.
She has been working here since five years.
She is working here for five years.

Correct answer: She has been working here for five years.

In English grammar, 'for' is used to express a duration of time, indicating how long something has been happening (e.g., 'for five years,' 'for two months'). 'Since' is used to indicate a specific starting point in time (e.g., 'since 2018,' 'since last Monday'). Therefore, 'She has been working here for five years' correctly uses 'for' to denote the duration of her employment.

Question 43: A math achievement test that includes overly complex reading passages would violate which principle?

Standard error of measurement must be low
Alternate forms must be equivalent
Tests should have high face validity
Construct-irrelevant variance must be minimized (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Construct-irrelevant variance must be minimized

Construct-irrelevant variance occurs when factors unrelated to the target construct (reading difficulty) affect scores on a math test.

Question 44: On the GRE, how are Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning scores reported?

On a scale of 200–800
On a scale of 0–100
On a scale of 130–170 in 1-point increments (Correct answer)
On a scale of 100–170

Correct answer: On a scale of 130–170 in 1-point increments

GRE Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning scores are each reported on a 130–170 scale in 1-point increments.

Question 45: Which of the following best describes the GRE Subject Test in Psychology?

An assessment of research methodology only
A licensing exam for clinical psychologists
A test measuring knowledge across major subfields of psychology for graduate admissions (Correct answer)
A placement exam for college-level psychology courses

Correct answer: A test measuring knowledge across major subfields of psychology for graduate admissions

The GRE Psychology Subject Test evaluates knowledge across subfields like biological, cognitive, social, and developmental psychology for students applying to graduate programs.

Question 46: ETS researchers contributed significantly to the development of which measurement theory that models each test taker's ability on a continuous scale?

Classical Test Theory (CTT)
Generalizability Theory (G-theory)
Signal Detection Theory
Item Response Theory (IRT) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Item Response Theory (IRT)

Item Response Theory (IRT) is central to ETS test development, allowing ability estimation independent of the particular items administered.

Question 47: What does the TOEFL MyBest Scores feature allow applicants to do?

Request a score review for a specific section
Combine the highest section scores from multiple TOEFL test dates (Correct answer)
Register for the TOEFL at a discounted rate
Waive the Speaking section if the student attended an English-medium school

Correct answer: Combine the highest section scores from multiple TOEFL test dates

TOEFL MyBest Scores shows the highest scores earned in each section across all valid test dates, creating a 'superscore' that many institutions accept.

Question 48: A graduate program requires a minimum GRE Quantitative score at the 75th percentile. If the cut score is 163, what does this tell you about the applicant pool?

75% of test-takers scored 163 or higher
25% of applicants were rejected based on this score alone
163 is the average score of admitted students
25% of test-takers scored 163 or higher (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 25% of test-takers scored 163 or higher

A 75th percentile score means the test-taker scored higher than 75% of the norm group, so only 25% scored at or above that level.

Question 49: What does the acronym NAEP stand for in the context of K-12 educational assessment?

National Academic Exam Panel
National Assessment of Educational Progress (Correct answer)
National Achievement Evaluation Program
National Assessment of Educational Proficiency

Correct answer: National Assessment of Educational Progress

NAEP stands for National Assessment of Educational Progress, often called 'The Nation's Report Card.'

Question 50: How many times per year can a test taker take the GRE General Test?

Unlimited times with no waiting period
Only once per calendar year
Up to 5 times in any 12-month period, with at least 21 days between attempts (Correct answer)
Up to 3 times per year with a 60-day waiting period between attempts

Correct answer: Up to 5 times in any 12-month period, with at least 21 days between attempts

ETS allows up to 5 GRE General Test attempts within any continuous rolling 12-month period, with a mandatory 21-day gap between tests.

Question 51: How should you manage time during a timed test?

Spend equal time on every question
Divide total time by questions and pace yourself, spending less on easy ones (Correct answer)
Rush through the entire test
Only work on hard questions

Correct answer: Divide total time by questions and pace yourself, spending less on easy ones

Calculate time per question, spend less on easy questions to bank time for harder ones, and check your pace periodically.

Question 52: Which TOEFL iBT Reading question type asks you to find the best place in the passage to insert a new sentence, marked by four black squares?

Coherence questions
Reference questions
Rhetorical Purpose
Insert a Sentence (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Insert a Sentence

Insert a Sentence questions show four possible insertion points in the passage and ask test-takers to choose where a new sentence would best fit logically and stylistically.

Question 53: On the GRE Verbal Reasoning section, which question type asks you to choose two words that both complete a sentence and produce sentences that are alike in meaning?

Reading Comprehension
Text Completion
Critical Reasoning
Sentence Equivalence (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Sentence Equivalence

Sentence Equivalence questions require selecting two answer choices that both logically complete the sentence and result in sentences with equivalent meanings.

Question 54: What is the primary purpose of subscores reported on ETS tests like the TOEFL iBT?

To provide diagnostic information about specific skill areas (Correct answer)
To create a single composite score for admissions
To penalize guessing on individual sections
To rank test-takers within their country of origin

Correct answer: To provide diagnostic information about specific skill areas

Subscores give targeted diagnostic information about performance in specific skill domains, helping institutions and test-takers identify strengths and weaknesses.

Question 55: Which feature of ETS's digital test delivery system allows candidates to mark questions for review during a computer-based test?

The Flag for Review feature (Correct answer)
The Bookmark Tool
The Question Highlighter
The Answer Lock function

Correct answer: The Flag for Review feature

The Flag for Review feature in ETS computer-based tests lets candidates mark items they are uncertain about and return to them before the section ends.

Question 56: Which of the following is an ETS-administered exam used specifically for English-language certification in academic contexts?

Cambridge C1 Advanced
TOEFL iBT (Correct answer)
Duolingo English Test
IELTS

Correct answer: TOEFL iBT

The TOEFL iBT (Test of English as a Foreign Language Internet-Based Test) is administered by ETS and is widely used for English-language admission requirements at universities.

Question 57: What is the name of ETS's secure online testing platform used for remote proctored test delivery?

ETS Remote+
ProctorU via ETS (Correct answer)
ProctorU Gateway
ETS ScoreNow

Correct answer: ProctorU via ETS

ETS partners with ProctorU to deliver remotely proctored tests, allowing candidates to take certain ETS assessments from home under live supervision.

Question 58: What is the purpose of ETS's Validity Statement on score reports?

To indicate that scores reflect the test-taker's performance under standardized conditions (Correct answer)
To verify the test-taker's citizenship status
To confirm the test was completed within a valid testing window
To certify that scores meet a specific university's minimum requirements

Correct answer: To indicate that scores reflect the test-taker's performance under standardized conditions

The ETS Validity Statement on score reports certifies that the scores were earned under standardized, secure testing conditions and accurately represent the test-taker's performance.

Question 59: Which of the following is a key difference between the SAT and ACT?

Only the ACT allows calculator use on math
Only the SAT has a Science section
The ACT includes a Science section while the SAT does not (Correct answer)
The SAT is administered by ACT Inc.

Correct answer: The ACT includes a Science section while the SAT does not

The ACT includes a Science Reasoning section that tests data analysis and interpretation, which has no direct equivalent on the SAT.

Question 60: Which GRE section uses an 'unscored' or 'research' section that does not affect a test-taker's score?

The section is always identified to the test-taker
Analytical Writing
Verbal Reasoning or Quantitative Reasoning (Correct answer)
Both Analytical Writing tasks

Correct answer: Verbal Reasoning or Quantitative Reasoning

An unidentified unscored or research section may appear in the Verbal or Quantitative portions; it looks like a regular section but does not count toward the score.

Question 61: What is the purpose of ETS's 'ScoreNow' platform used by institutions?

A mobile app for students to retrieve scores instantly
A real-time API for university admissions software integration
Submission and automated scoring of placement and diagnostic tests for institutions (Correct answer)
Instant online GRE score retrieval for admissions offices

Correct answer: Submission and automated scoring of placement and diagnostic tests for institutions

ScoreNow is an ETS platform that allows educational institutions to submit student responses for automated scoring and receive results quickly.

Question 62: What is the purpose of ETS's Score Review (formerly Score Verification) service for the GRE?

To rescore the multiple-choice sections by hand to check for machine errors (Correct answer)
To provide an additional percentile report based on a different norm group
To allow institutions to contest a score they believe is fraudulent
To review a test-taker's essay responses for potential score inflation

Correct answer: To rescore the multiple-choice sections by hand to check for machine errors

ETS Score Review manually checks that answer sheets were scored correctly and that machine-scoring equipment functioned properly for multiple-choice sections.

Question 63: How long is the TOEFL iBT Reading section, and approximately how many questions does it contain?

45 minutes, 25 questions
35 minutes, 20 questions
54–72 minutes, 30–40 questions (Correct answer)
60 minutes, 50 questions

Correct answer: 54–72 minutes, 30–40 questions

The TOEFL iBT Reading section lasts 54–72 minutes and contains 30–40 questions across 3–4 passages.

Question 64: Which format appears in the GRE Verbal Reasoning section and requires choosing exactly ONE answer from five options to best complete the meaning of a single sentence?

Critical Reasoning
Sentence Equivalence
Text Completion (one blank) (Correct answer)
Vocabulary Match

Correct answer: Text Completion (one blank)

A one-blank Text Completion question presents five answer choices, and test-takers select the single best word or phrase to complete the sentence.

Question 65: Which of the following ETS tests is commonly required for admission to business school (MBA programs)?

GMAT
Praxis II
GRE General Test (Correct answer)
TOEFL

Correct answer: GRE General Test

Many business schools now accept GRE General Test scores as an alternative to the GMAT for MBA admissions.

Question 66: ETS uses which type of statistical model to link scores across multiple test forms and ensure comparability over time?

Factor analysis
Cluster sampling
Test equating (Correct answer)
Regression analysis

Correct answer: Test equating

Test equating is the statistical process ETS uses to adjust for difficulty differences between test forms so that scores from different administrations are comparable.

Question 67: Under ADA accommodations for Praxis exams, which of the following is a commonly approved testing accommodation?

Reduced number of test questions
Test content provided in advance
Oral answers in place of written responses
Extended testing time (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Extended testing time

Extended testing time is one of the most common ADA accommodations approved for Praxis and other ETS exams to support candidates with documented disabilities.

Question 68: In the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix, construct validity is supported when:

Method correlations exceed trait correlations
Only one method is used to measure each trait
Convergent correlations are high and discriminant correlations are low (Correct answer)
All correlations in the matrix are equal

Correct answer: Convergent correlations are high and discriminant correlations are low

The MTMM matrix provides construct validity evidence when the same trait measured by different methods correlates highly (convergent) and different traits correlate weakly (discriminant).

Question 69: ETS's automated scoring technologies like e-rater and SpeechRater are classified as examples of which broader field?

Cybersecurity
Computer vision
Database management
Natural language processing (NLP) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Natural language processing (NLP)

Both e-rater and SpeechRater rely on natural language processing techniques to analyze and score written and spoken language automatically.

Question 70: Which of the following is the BEST strategy for writing the "Argument" essay in the GRE Analytical Writing section?

Ignore the argument and present your own ideas.
Summarize the argument without offering an analysis.
Focus on agreeing with the argument presented.
Critique the argument and point out its flaws. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Critique the argument and point out its flaws.

The GRE Analytical Writing 'Analyze an Argument' task requires test-takers to critically evaluate the logical soundness of a given argument. The goal is not to agree or disagree with the argument's position, but rather to identify its unstated assumptions, weaknesses in reasoning, and potential alternative explanations. Therefore, the best strategy is to critique the argument and point out its flaws.

Question 71: Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'informed consent' in an assessment context?

Informing teachers of cut scores after the exam is graded
Requiring students to sign a non-disclosure agreement after testing
Providing examinees with information about test purpose, use, and their rights before they agree to participate (Correct answer)
Telling students the time limit after they have started the test

Correct answer: Providing examinees with information about test purpose, use, and their rights before they agree to participate

Informed consent requires that participants receive complete, understandable information about the assessment and agree to participate before testing begins.

Question 72: What does 'computer-based testing' (CBT) allow ETS to do that paper-based testing cannot?

Provide instant printed score reports
Offer year-round testing at flexible scheduling windows (Correct answer)
Use longer reading passages
Charge lower registration fees

Correct answer: Offer year-round testing at flexible scheduling windows

CBT enables ETS to offer tests at hundreds of authorized test centers on nearly any day of the year rather than on limited fixed administration dates.

Question 73: Which practice strengthens content validity evidence during test development?

Conducting a systematic content mapping with subject-matter experts (Correct answer)
Computing inter-item correlations
Maximizing the number of test items
Using only multiple-choice items

Correct answer: Conducting a systematic content mapping with subject-matter experts

Systematic content mapping with subject-matter experts ensures that items representatively sample the target content domain.

Question 74: On the TOEFL iBT, which question type in the Listening section asks you to determine why a professor made a specific comment?

Inference questions
Detail questions
Function questions (Correct answer)
Attitude questions

Correct answer: Function questions

Function questions ask why a speaker said something, testing whether you understand the pragmatic purpose behind a statement.

Question 75: Which ETS Praxis subject assessment question type presents a real-world classroom scenario and asks what a teacher should do next?

Case study item
Knowledge question
Scenario-based item (Correct answer)
Application question

Correct answer: Scenario-based item

Scenario-based items on Praxis subject assessments present authentic teaching situations and measure a candidate's ability to apply content knowledge to practice.

Question 76: Which type of error occurs when a researcher rejects a true null hypothesis?

Power error
Standard error
Type II error
Type I error (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Type I error

A Type I error (false positive) occurs when the null hypothesis is true but is incorrectly rejected.

Question 77: Read the following passage: "The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid technological advancement that transformed societies. However, it also led to significant environmental and social challenges, such as pollution and urban overcrowding." What is the main idea of the passage?

Technological advancements are always beneficial.
The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects. (Correct answer)
Societies resisted the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution.
Pollution was the primary issue during the Industrial Revolution.

Correct answer: The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects.

The passage explicitly states that the Industrial Revolution 'transformed societies' (a positive aspect) but 'also led to significant environmental and social challenges, such as pollution and urban overcrowding' (negative aspects). This structure clearly indicates that the main idea is the dual nature of its impact, encompassing both benefits and drawbacks.

Question 78: Which ETS platform allows test takers to register for tests, view scores, and send score reports online?

ETS TestLink
ETS CandidatePortal
ETS MyAccount (Correct answer)
ETS ScoreConnect

Correct answer: ETS MyAccount

ETS MyAccount is the centralized online portal where test takers manage registrations, access scores, and send official score reports to institutions.

Question 79: On the SAT, what penalty (if any) is applied for wrong answers?

One half point is deducted per wrong answer
One quarter point is deducted per wrong answer
There is no penalty for wrong answers (Correct answer)
Wrong answers cancel out a correct answer

Correct answer: There is no penalty for wrong answers

The current SAT uses rights-only scoring with no penalty for incorrect answers, encouraging test-takers to attempt every question.

Question 80: What innovation did ETS pioneer with the introduction of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) on the GRE in 1992?

Tests delivered on touchscreen tablets
Remote proctored online testing
Tests that adjust difficulty based on each examinee's responses (Correct answer)
Automated essay scoring without human review

Correct answer: Tests that adjust difficulty based on each examinee's responses

CAT dynamically selects items based on the test taker's prior responses, improving measurement precision with fewer items compared to fixed-form tests.

Question 81: ETS's 'flagging' process during test security review identifies which type of score?

Scores that are unusually high and may warrant additional review (Correct answer)
Scores from first-time test takers
Scores lower than the national mean
Scores sent to more than 5 institutions

Correct answer: Scores that are unusually high and may warrant additional review

ETS flags scores that show statistically improbable gains or patterns inconsistent with a test taker's history, triggering a security investigation before release.

Question 82: ETS's c-rater engine is designed to automatically score which type of test response?

Mathematical proofs
Multiple-choice answers
Oral speaking samples
Short constructed-response text answers (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Short constructed-response text answers

c-rater scores short constructed-response items by checking for key conceptual content in student-written answers.

Question 83: What is the purpose of ETS's erasure analysis on paper-based tests?

To determine the number of questions a test taker skipped
To assign credit for partially correct answers
To detect patterns of answer changes that may suggest impersonation or cheating (Correct answer)
To calculate the total time spent on each section

Correct answer: To detect patterns of answer changes that may suggest impersonation or cheating

Erasure analysis examines patterns of erased and changed answers to identify anomalies — such as a proctor changing answers — that could indicate testing misconduct.

Question 84: What does ETS's 'screen reader compatibility' accommodation primarily address?

Color blindness affecting chart interpretation
Visual impairments requiring audio delivery of on-screen text (Correct answer)
Physical disabilities preventing use of a standard keyboard
Test anxiety causing difficulty reading under pressure

Correct answer: Visual impairments requiring audio delivery of on-screen text

Screen reader compatibility ensures that the testing software works with assistive technology that reads displayed text aloud for test takers with visual impairments.

Question 85: Which teaching method aligns with Vygotsky’s theory of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

Using direct instruction for all concepts
Allowing students to work independently without assistance
Assigning tasks that are too challenging to encourage effort
Providing scaffolding to help students perform tasks just beyond their current ability (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Providing scaffolding to help students perform tasks just beyond their current ability

Lev Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) describes the range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance from a more knowledgeable other, but cannot yet do independently. Scaffolding is a teaching technique where a teacher provides temporary support to help students master tasks within their ZPD. This support is gradually withdrawn as the student gains proficiency.

Question 86: Which section is NOT part of the TOEFL iBT exam?

Speaking
Reading
Listening
Grammar (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Grammar

The TOEFL iBT includes Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing sections; Grammar is not a standalone section.

Question 87: The School Leaders Licensure Assessment (SLLA), offered by ETS, is intended for candidates seeking which credential?

Special education endorsement
Principal or administrator licensure (Correct answer)
Teaching certification
School counselor certification

Correct answer: Principal or administrator licensure

The SLLA assesses the knowledge and skills needed for effective school leadership and is used for principal licensure in many states.

Question 88: Which type of validity evidence examines whether scores on a new test correlate with scores on an established measure of the same construct taken at the same time?

Concurrent validity (Correct answer)
Incremental validity
Predictive validity
Face validity

Correct answer: Concurrent validity

Concurrent validity is established when the new test's scores correlate with those of an existing criterion measure administered simultaneously.

Question 89: What does ETS's SpeechRater system primarily evaluate?

Written grammar accuracy
Spoken English proficiency (Correct answer)
Reading comprehension speed
Mathematical reasoning

Correct answer: Spoken English proficiency

SpeechRater is an automated spoken language scoring system developed by ETS to assess features like fluency, pronunciation, and prosody.

Question 90: ETS's use of 'item banking' technology refers to which practice?

An archive of retired test questions released to the public
A database of test center locations
Storing large pools of pre-calibrated test items for use across multiple test forms (Correct answer)
A financial system for billing test takers

Correct answer: Storing large pools of pre-calibrated test items for use across multiple test forms

Item banking is the systematic storage and management of pre-tested, statistically calibrated items that ETS can draw from when constructing new test forms.

Question 91: How many times per year can a student take the GRE General Test?

Unlimited times with no waiting period
Twice per year
Up to 5 times in a 12-month period, once every 21 days (Correct answer)
Once per year

Correct answer: Up to 5 times in a 12-month period, once every 21 days

Test-takers can take the GRE General Test up to five times within any continuous rolling 12-month period, with at least 21 days between attempts.

Question 92: A researcher uses multiple regression with 4 predictors. The adjusted R² is preferred over R² because it:

Penalizes for adding predictors that don't improve the model (Correct answer)
Eliminates multicollinearity
Is always larger than R²
Always equals R² for large samples

Correct answer: Penalizes for adding predictors that don't improve the model

Adjusted R² accounts for the number of predictors, penalizing the addition of variables that do not meaningfully improve model fit.

Question 93: Complete the sentence: "Although the deadline was extended, the team __________ submit the report by Friday."

might
must (Correct answer)
has to
should

Correct answer: must

The sentence implies a strong obligation or necessity for the team to submit the report by Friday, despite the deadline extension. 'Must' conveys this strong sense of requirement or compulsion more definitively than 'should' (which suggests advice), 'has to' (which can imply external obligation), or 'might' (which indicates possibility). The 'although' clause highlights that the extension does not remove this firm requirement.

Question 94: ETS Research Institute conducts studies in which core area to improve the fairness of standardized testing?

Test center logistics
Marketing strategy
Publisher relations
Differential item functioning (DIF) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Differential item functioning (DIF)

Differential item functioning (DIF) research identifies test items that may perform differently across demographic groups, helping ETS improve test fairness.

Question 95: What does ETS's 'Criterion' online writing evaluation service provide to students?

Human scorer feedback within 24 hours
Plagiarism detection scores comparing to published works
Peer review matching with other students
Immediate automated feedback on grammar, usage, and essay organization (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Immediate automated feedback on grammar, usage, and essay organization

Criterion uses ETS's e-rater technology to give students instant, detailed feedback on their writing, including errors in grammar, usage, mechanics, style, and organization.

Question 96: How long is the TOEFL iBT test approximately?

About 5 hours
About 2 hours (Correct answer)
About 4 hours
About 1 hour

Correct answer: About 2 hours

Following recent format changes, the TOEFL iBT takes approximately 2 hours, reduced from the older 3.5-hour version.

Question 97: Which ETS research initiative uses data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) to study achievement trends?

The Nation's Report Card Research Collaborative
ETS Policy Information Center (Correct answer)
ETS's America's Perfect Score project
NAEP Longitudinal Study Group

Correct answer: ETS Policy Information Center

ETS's Policy Information Center analyzes NAEP and other large-scale assessment data to produce reports on trends in US student achievement.

Question 98: What does ETS's 'Score Verification' service allow test takers to request?

A rescoring of their multiple-choice responses by a different computer
Substitution of a missed test date with a no-fee retake
A comparison of their score to the median score of their peer group
A hand-check verification that their scores were accurately reported (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A hand-check verification that their scores were accurately reported

Score Verification involves ETS staff manually confirming that answer sheets were correctly scanned and that scores were accurately calculated and reported.

Question 99: In the context of assessment ethics, 'consequential validity' refers to:

The sequence in which test items are presented
The social and educational consequences of test use and score interpretation (Correct answer)
Whether a test measures what it claims to measure
The statistical relationship between test scores and outcomes

Correct answer: The social and educational consequences of test use and score interpretation

Consequential validity examines whether the actual consequences of using a test for decision-making are appropriate and align with the test's intended purpose.

Question 100: What does 'superscoring' mean in the context of SAT admissions?

Combining the highest section scores from multiple test dates (Correct answer)
Retaking the test after a perfect score
Submitting scores from both SAT and ACT
Scoring above the 99th percentile on a single sitting

Correct answer: Combining the highest section scores from multiple test dates

Superscoring means colleges take the highest Math score and highest Reading & Writing score from different test sittings to create the best composite score.

Question 101: Which section of the GRE General Test measures a test-taker's ability to analyze and evaluate written arguments?

Verbal Reasoning
Critical Reading
Analytical Writing (Correct answer)
Quantitative Reasoning

Correct answer: Analytical Writing

The Analytical Writing section requires test-takers to analyze arguments and articulate complex ideas, scored on a 0–6 scale.

ETS (Educational Testing Service) Practice Test

ETS is a nonprofit organization that develops and administers over 50 million standardized tests annually worldwide, including the GRE, TOEFL, Praxis, TOEIC, and HiSET, serving college admissions, teacher certification, language proficiency, and workforce credentialing.

100

Questions

120 min

Time Limit

70%

To Pass

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