ETC ETC Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics 2

Question 1

The Reynolds number is used in fluid mechanics to determine whether flow is:

Accepted Answer

Laminar or turbulent

Answer

Compressible or incompressible

Answer

Pressurized or free-surface

Answer

Steady or unsteady

Question 2

A Venturi meter measures which hydraulic quantity?

Accepted Answer

Flow rate by measuring a pressure differential at a constriction

Answer

Static pressure at a single point

Answer

Fluid velocity using a stagnation probe

Answer

Pipe friction factor

Question 3

The Darcy-Weisbach equation (hf = f × L/D × V²/2g) is used to calculate:

Accepted Answer

Head loss due to pipe wall friction

Answer

Flow velocity in open channels

Answer

Pump shaft power requirements

Answer

Fluid density changes with temperature

Question 4

The Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) in a pipe system represents the sum of:

Accepted Answer

Pressure head and elevation head

Answer

Velocity head and elevation head

Answer

Total energy head at each point

Answer

Friction head loss along the pipe

Question 5

A manometer is an instrument primarily used to measure:

Accepted Answer

Pressure or differential pressure between two points

Answer

Fluid flow velocity

Answer

Fluid temperature and density

Answer

Pipe wall roughness

Question 6

Cavitation in hydraulic pumps occurs when:

Accepted Answer

Local fluid pressure drops below the fluid's vapor pressure

Answer

Fluid viscosity is excessively high

Answer

Pump speed is set too low for the system

Answer

Discharge head exceeds the pump's design rating

Question 7

Minor losses in a piping system are caused by:

Accepted Answer

Fittings, valves, bends, and abrupt geometry changes

Answer

Pipe wall friction over long straight runs

Answer

Variations in fluid density along the pipe

Answer

Temperature changes in the flowing fluid