Environmental Science Pollution and Waste 3

Question 1

What does PM2.5 refer to in air quality monitoring?

Accepted Answer

Particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or smaller

Answer

PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 micrometers, which penetrates deep into the lungs.

Question 2

Which process converts organic waste into nutrient-rich soil amendment through microbial decomposition?

Accepted Answer

Composting

Answer

Composting harnesses aerobic microorganisms to break down organic matter into humus-rich material useful for soil amendment.

Question 3

What is the main environmental advantage of municipal solid waste incineration over landfilling?

Accepted Answer

Significant volume reduction and energy recovery

Answer

Incineration reduces waste volume by up to 90% and can generate electricity, though it requires strict emission controls.

Question 4

The Clean Water Act requires municipalities to obtain which type of permit for wastewater discharges?

Accepted Answer

NPDES permit

Answer

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point source discharges into U.S. waters.

Question 5

Which heavy metal is most commonly associated with contamination from old lead paint and pipes in U.S. homes?

Accepted Answer

Lead

Answer

Lead from paint (pre-1978) and old plumbing pipes is a major source of childhood lead poisoning in U.S. homes.

Environmental Science Practice Test