ENT ENT Pediatric and Special Populations 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Choanal atresia is a congenital obstruction of which anatomical structure?
- Nasal valve
- Posterior nasal aperture (choana) (Correct answer)
- Eustachian tube orifice
- Nasopharyngeal airway
Correct answer: Posterior nasal aperture (choana)
Choanal atresia is a congenital bony or membranous obstruction of the posterior nasal aperture (choana), and bilateral cases present as a respiratory emergency in obligate nasal-breathing newborns.
Question 2: Since widespread Hib vaccination, which organism has become the predominant cause of acute epiglottitis in vaccinated children?
- Haemophilus influenzae type b
- Streptococcus pyogenes (Correct answer)
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Correct answer: Streptococcus pyogenes
Since widespread Hib vaccination, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) has become the most common bacterial cause of acute epiglottitis in vaccinated children.
Question 3: What is the most common indication for adenotonsillectomy in pediatric patients?
- Recurrent otitis media
- Obstructive sleep apnea (Correct answer)
- Chronic sinusitis
- Allergic rhinitis
Correct answer: Obstructive sleep apnea
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common indication for adenotonsillectomy in children.
Question 4: Which type of hearing loss is most commonly seen in children with Down syndrome?
- Sensorineural hearing loss
- Conductive hearing loss (Correct answer)
- Mixed hearing loss
- Central auditory processing disorder
Correct answer: Conductive hearing loss
Children with Down syndrome most frequently experience conductive hearing loss due to Eustachian tube dysfunction, small ear canals, and high rates of recurrent otitis media.
Question 5: Subglottic hemangiomas in infants typically present with which characteristic symptom pattern?
- Persistent high fever and drooling
- Biphasic stridor that worsens with crying and improves with age (Correct answer)
- Sudden onset aphonia
- Recurrent epistaxis
Correct answer: Biphasic stridor that worsens with crying and improves with age
Subglottic hemangiomas cause biphasic stridor that worsens with agitation or crying and typically undergo spontaneous involution by 12–18 months of age.
Question 6: Which HPV types are most commonly responsible for juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis?
- HPV 16 and 18
- HPV 6 and 11 (Correct answer)
- HPV 31 and 33
- HPV 1 and 2
Correct answer: HPV 6 and 11
Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is caused by HPV types 6 and 11, low-risk subtypes typically transmitted to the infant during vaginal delivery.
ENT ENT Pediatric and Special Populations 2
Choanal atresia is a congenital obstruction of which anatomical structure?