Endocrine Weight Loss Sex Hormones and Body Composition 3

Question 1

Which statement best describes the relationship between estrogen and lipid metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen lowers LDL, raises HDL, and reduces cardiovascular risk

Answer

Estrogen raises LDL and lowers HDL cholesterol

Answer

Estrogen has no effect on lipid profiles

Answer

Estrogen raises triglycerides and LDL equally

Question 2

Hormone therapy (HT) in postmenopausal women using estrogen plus progestin has what general effect on body weight and composition?

Accepted Answer

Reduces visceral fat accumulation compared to no treatment

Answer

Significantly increases total body fat

Answer

Causes rapid and substantial weight gain in all users

Answer

Primarily increases lean muscle mass with no fat changes

Question 3

In women, the menstrual cycle's luteal phase (days 14–28) is often associated with weight fluctuations of 2–5 lbs. The primary cause is:

Accepted Answer

Fluid retention mediated by progesterone and aldosterone interactions

Answer

Actual fat gain from increased caloric intake

Answer

Decreased thyroid hormone during the luteal phase

Answer

Increased cortisol causing glycogen and water storage

Question 4

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in hypogonadal men typically produces which body composition changes over 6–12 months?

Accepted Answer

Increased lean muscle mass and decreased fat mass

Answer

Increased total body fat with no change in muscle mass

Answer

Decreased lean mass and increased visceral fat

Answer

No measurable changes in body composition

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why women generally have a higher percentage of body fat than men at the same BMI?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen promotes greater fat storage while testosterone promotes greater lean mass

Answer

Women consume more calories relative to their size

Answer

Women have slower gastrointestinal transit, absorbing more calories

Answer

Female adipocytes are larger but fewer in number

Question 6

A postmenopausal woman begins gaining significant abdominal weight despite no change in diet or activity. Her TSH is normal. Which hormonal change is the most likely contributing factor?

Accepted Answer

Loss of estrogen's protective effect against visceral fat accumulation

Answer

Increased prolactin levels

Answer

Elevated cortisol from adrenal hyperplasia

Answer

Decreased ghrelin sensitivity

Question 7

Which statement about androgens and adipose tissue is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Androgens promote visceral fat breakdown (lipolysis) while estrogen promotes subcutaneous fat storage

Answer

Androgens uniformly increase fat storage in all depots

Answer

Androgens have no direct effect on adipocyte function

Answer

Androgens inhibit lipolysis in visceral fat, causing accumulation