Renewable Energy Systems Flashcards
7 cards from real EMP practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Renewable Energy Systems flashcards as text
Which interconnection queue process must a large-scale US renewable project typically complete before receiving a generator interconnection agreement (GIA)?
Answer: Feasibility study, system impact study, and facilities study in sequence
FERC's pro-forma generator interconnection procedures require sequential feasibility, system impact, and facilities studies before a GIA is executed, a process that can take several years.
In a grid-tied battery energy storage system paired with solar, what does 'self-consumption optimization' mode prioritize?
Answer: Using solar energy on-site and charging batteries before exporting surplus to the grid
Self-consumption optimization stores excess solar generation in batteries for later on-site use, reducing grid import costs and maximizing use of locally generated renewable energy.
What is the primary advantage of bifacial solar modules over monofacial modules?
Answer: They capture reflected irradiance from the ground on their rear surface, increasing energy yield
Bifacial modules collect light on both faces; albedo (reflected) radiation from ground surfaces can boost energy yield by 5–30% depending on ground reflectivity and mounting height.
How does a power purchase agreement (PPA) differ from a feed-in tariff (FiT) for renewable energy projects?
Answer: A PPA is a private bilateral contract between generator and buyer, while a FiT is a government-mandated fixed rate
A PPA is a private contract negotiated between a renewable developer and an energy buyer at an agreed price, whereas a FiT is a government policy that guarantees a fixed price for all qualifying renewable generators.
Which degradation mechanism most commonly reduces crystalline silicon PV module performance over a 25-year lifetime?
Answer: Light-induced degradation (LID) and slow EVA encapsulant discoloration
LID causes an initial 1–3% efficiency drop in the first hours of exposure, while slow EVA browning and finger corrosion contribute to the typical 0.5–0.7%/year long-term degradation rate of crystalline silicon modules.
What role does a synchronous condenser play in a grid with high renewable penetration?
Answer: Provides inertia and reactive power support without consuming real power
A synchronous condenser is a rotating machine that supplies or absorbs reactive power and adds rotational inertia to the grid, helping maintain voltage stability and frequency response as inverter-based renewables displace synchronous generators.
Under the US Investment Tax Credit (ITC), what percentage tax credit was available for commercial solar projects placed in service after the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022?
Answer: 30%
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 restored and extended the solar ITC to 30% for commercial and residential projects, with potential adders for domestic content, energy communities, and low-income areas.