Echocardiogram Echocardiograms Anatomy and Physiology 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
- Tricuspid valve
- Pulmonic valve
- Mitral valve (Correct answer)
- Aortic valve
Correct answer: Mitral valve
The mitral (bicuspid) valve is the atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Question 2: The moderator band is a muscular structure found in which cardiac chamber?
- Left ventricle
- Right ventricle (Correct answer)
- Left atrium
- Right atrium
Correct answer: Right ventricle
The moderator band (septomarginal trabecula) is a muscular band crossing the right ventricular cavity that carries part of the right bundle branch.
Question 3: What is the normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in adults?
- 30–45%
- 45–55%
- 55–70% (Correct answer)
- 70–85%
Correct answer: 55–70%
A normal LVEF is generally accepted as 55–70%, indicating the percentage of blood ejected from the LV with each heartbeat.
Question 4: The chordae tendineae connect the atrioventricular valve leaflets to which structure?
- Annulus fibrosus
- Papillary muscles (Correct answer)
- Interventricular septum
- Trabeculae carneae
Correct answer: Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae are fibrous strings that tether the AV valve leaflets to the papillary muscles, preventing prolapse during systole.
Question 5: During isovolumetric relaxation, which valves are closed?
- Aortic and pulmonic valves only
- Mitral and tricuspid valves only
- All four cardiac valves (Correct answer)
- Aortic, pulmonic, and mitral valves
Correct answer: All four cardiac valves
Isovolumetric relaxation occurs after semilunar valve closure and before AV valve opening, so all four valves are simultaneously closed.
Question 6: Which coronary artery most commonly supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node?
- Left anterior descending artery
- Left circumflex artery
- Right coronary artery (Correct answer)
- Diagonal branch
Correct answer: Right coronary artery
In approximately 60% of people, the SA node is supplied by the right coronary artery via the SA nodal artery.
Question 7: The Eustachian valve (valve of the inferior vena cava) is located in which cardiac structure?
- Right ventricle
- Left atrium
- Right atrium (Correct answer)
- Coronary sinus
Correct answer: Right atrium
The Eustachian valve is a remnant of the fetal valve of the IVC, located at the junction of the IVC and the right atrium.
Echocardiogram Echocardiograms Anatomy and Physiology 2
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?