CWP Human Development and Behavior 3 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development involves following rules primarily to avoid punishment?
- Conventional — social contract orientation
- Post-conventional — universal principles
- Pre-conventional — obedience and punishment (Correct answer)
- Conventional — maintaining social order
Correct answer: Pre-conventional — obedience and punishment
The pre-conventional obedience and punishment stage is the earliest level, where moral reasoning is driven by avoiding negative consequences.
Question 2: A wellness practitioner working with a middle-aged client experiencing a 'midlife crisis' should recognize this as potentially reflecting which developmental process?
- Regression to adolescent identity confusion
- Normal life review and value reassessment (Correct answer)
- Onset of early-stage cognitive decline
- Pathological narcissistic behavior
Correct answer: Normal life review and value reassessment
Midlife transitions often involve a normative reassessment of values, goals, and identity, which can be a healthy developmental process when navigated constructively.
Question 3: The 'Big Five' personality traits (OCEAN) most relevant to wellness compliance and health behavior change are:
- Openness and agreeableness
- Conscientiousness and neuroticism (Correct answer)
- Extraversion and agreeableness
- Openness and extraversion
Correct answer: Conscientiousness and neuroticism
Conscientiousness (self-discipline, goal-directedness) and neuroticism (emotional instability) are the Big Five traits most strongly linked to health behaviors and wellness outcomes.
Question 4: Which theorist developed the concept of 'flow' — a state of complete immersion in a challenging and rewarding activity — relevant to wellness and optimal experience?
- Abraham Maslow
- Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (Correct answer)
- Martin Seligman
- Carl Rogers
Correct answer: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi introduced the concept of flow as a state of optimal experience where skill meets challenge, promoting well-being.
Question 5: In Piaget's theory, a child who can think logically about concrete objects but cannot yet reason abstractly is in which stage?
- Sensorimotor stage
- Preoperational stage
- Concrete operational stage (Correct answer)
- Formal operational stage
Correct answer: Concrete operational stage
The concrete operational stage (ages 7–11) is marked by logical thinking about tangible objects and events but limited abstract reasoning.
Question 6: A wellness practitioner using a 'strengths-based' approach is drawing on which foundational psychological framework?
- Psychoanalytic theory
- Positive psychology (Correct answer)
- Behavioral conditioning theory
- Cognitive dissonance theory
Correct answer: Positive psychology
Positive psychology, pioneered by Martin Seligman, focuses on strengths, virtues, and factors that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
Question 7: Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of 'resilience' in human development?
- Avoiding all stressful situations to maintain emotional stability
- Returning to previous levels of functioning after adversity (Correct answer)
- Suppressing emotional responses to trauma
- Relying on external support rather than internal resources
Correct answer: Returning to previous levels of functioning after adversity
Resilience is the capacity to adapt positively and return to healthy functioning following significant adversity, stress, or trauma.
CWP Human Development and Behavior 3
Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development involves following rules primarily to avoid punishment?