CTC Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 3 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the bladder and intestines?
- Cardiac muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle (Correct answer)
- Striated muscle
Correct answer: Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is involuntary and lines the walls of hollow organs including the bladder, uterus, and digestive tract.
Question 2: A telehealth patient describes pain radiating from the right flank to the groin. This symptom pattern is most consistent with pathology in which anatomical structure?
- Appendix
- Gallbladder
- Ureter (Correct answer)
- Psoas muscle
Correct answer: Ureter
Classic ureteral colic from a kidney stone follows the ureter's path from the flank down to the groin and genital region.
Question 3: The process by which cells engulf and digest large particles such as bacteria is called:
- Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis (Correct answer)
- Exocytosis
- Osmosis
Correct answer: Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is the cellular process of engulfing solid particles, including pathogens, into a phagosome for destruction.
Question 4: Which nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the diaphragm and, when irritated, can cause referred shoulder pain?
- Vagus nerve
- Phrenic nerve (Correct answer)
- Intercostal nerve
- Accessory nerve
Correct answer: Phrenic nerve
The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and shares cervical roots (C3-C5) with shoulder sensory fibers, causing referred pain there when irritated.
Question 5: Normal adult resting respiratory rate is approximately:
- 6–8 breaths/min
- 10–12 breaths/min
- 12–20 breaths/min (Correct answer)
- 22–28 breaths/min
Correct answer: 12–20 breaths/min
The normal adult resting respiratory rate is 12–20 breaths per minute; values outside this range indicate bradypnea or tachypnea.
Question 6: Which gland, located at the base of the brain, is often called the 'master gland' because it regulates other endocrine glands?
- Thyroid
- Pineal gland
- Pituitary gland (Correct answer)
- Hypothalamus
Correct answer: Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland secretes hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, etc.) that regulate the thyroid, adrenals, gonads, and other endocrine organs.
Question 7: During a remote physical therapy session, a patient has difficulty extending the forearm at the elbow. Which muscle group is most likely weak?
- Biceps brachii
- Brachialis
- Triceps brachii (Correct answer)
- Pronator teres
Correct answer: Triceps brachii
The triceps brachii is the primary muscle responsible for forearm extension at the elbow joint.
CTC Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 3
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the bladder and intestines?