Fundamentals & Core Principles Flashcards
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Read the first 7 Fundamentals & Core Principles flashcards as text
Which research approach is characterized by generating theory from data collected in the field, rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis?
Answer: Grounded theory
Grounded theory is a qualitative methodology in which theory emerges inductively from systematic data collection and analysis.
When a researcher's findings cannot be replicated by other independent researchers, this is MOST likely a problem of:
Answer: Reliability
Replicability is a core component of reliability; results that cannot be reproduced indicate a reliability problem in the research.
A study finds that ice cream sales and drowning rates both rise in summer. A researcher concludes that ice cream causes drowning. This error is called:
Answer: Spurious correlation
A spurious correlation occurs when two variables appear related but are both influenced by a third variable (heat/summer), with no true causal link.
Which ethical obligation requires researchers to accurately report methods, data, and findings without fabrication or falsification?
Answer: Research integrity
Research integrity obligates scientists to honestly and accurately report all aspects of their work, prohibiting fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism.
In a Likert scale survey, a respondent rates satisfaction on a 1–5 scale. This is an example of which measurement level?
Answer: Ordinal
Likert scales produce ordinal data because the categories have a meaningful order, but the intervals between points are not necessarily equal.
A researcher studying homeless populations uses participants to recruit additional participants from their social networks. This is:
Answer: Snowball sampling
Snowball sampling recruits initial participants who then refer others, making it useful for hard-to-reach or hidden populations.
What distinguishes a 'hypothesis' from a 'research question'?
Answer: A hypothesis is a testable predictive statement; a research question is open-ended
A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about the expected relationship between variables, while a research question remains open-ended.