Policy Development & Implementation Flashcards
7 cards from real CRAP practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Policy Development & Implementation flashcards as text
The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) requires agencies to prepare a written statement when a rule imposes costs on state, local, or tribal governments or the private sector exceeding what threshold?
Answer: $150 million
UMRA requires a written cost-benefit statement for rules imposing aggregate costs exceeding $150 million (inflation-adjusted) on non-federal entities.
During policy implementation, a 'compliance pyramid' model suggests that enforcement strategy should primarily rely on which approach?
Answer: Escalating responses starting with education and persuasion
The compliance pyramid prioritizes voluntary compliance through education, then escalates to warnings, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution for persistent non-compliance.
What is the primary purpose of a 'no-action letter' in regulatory practice?
Answer: To commit an agency to not take enforcement action on a specific practice
A no-action letter is an agency commitment to refrain from enforcement against a specific entity for a described practice under stated conditions.
Under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), what must agencies obtain before collecting information from 10 or more persons?
Answer: OMB approval and a valid OMB control number
The PRA requires agencies to obtain OMB approval and display a valid OMB control number before collecting information from 10 or more persons.
Which analytical framework requires agencies to consider whether a regulation is the 'least burdensome alternative' that achieves the regulatory objective?
Answer: Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) analysis
The RFA requires agencies to consider less burdensome regulatory alternatives for small entities, including exemptions, tiered compliance, and simplified requirements.
A pharmaceutical company disagrees with FDA's interpretation of a regulation affecting its product. Which is the most appropriate first step in challenging this interpretation?
Answer: Submit a citizen petition requesting reconsideration
A citizen petition is the formal mechanism for requesting FDA to reconsider, issue, amend, or revoke a regulation or order.
What is 'ossification' in the context of federal rulemaking, and why is it a concern?
Answer: The slowdown of rulemaking due to expanded procedural and analytical requirements
Ossification refers to the phenomenon where rulemaking has become so procedurally burdensome that agencies avoid issuing new rules, reducing regulatory activity.