Foundational Concepts & Principles Flashcards
7 cards from real CPS practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Foundational Concepts & Principles flashcards as text
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'process thinking' as opposed to functional thinking?
Answer: Focusing on the horizontal flow of work across departments to deliver value to the customer
Process thinking shifts focus from vertical silos to horizontal value delivery, recognizing that customer value flows across functional boundaries.
A Type I error in the context of statistical process control means:
Answer: Concluding a process is out of control when it is actually in control (false alarm)
A Type I error (alpha risk) in SPC is a false positive — the control chart signals an out-of-control condition due to random variation, triggering unnecessary investigation.
The term 'lead time' in process management encompasses:
Answer: The total elapsed time from customer request to customer receipt, including waiting, processing, and transport
Lead time is the end-to-end customer-experienced duration, including all delays, queues, and processing — making it longer than pure cycle time.
Which of the following statements about process inputs is correct?
Answer: Inputs are the resources, information, and materials that enter a process and are transformed into outputs
Inputs broadly include materials, information, energy, and human effort — anything entering the process that is transformed or consumed to produce outputs.
In process hierarchy, a 'macro process' relates to a 'subprocess' in which way?
Answer: A macro process is decomposed into subprocesses, which in turn can be broken into individual activities or tasks
Process architecture is hierarchical: enterprise-level macro processes decompose into subprocesses, which further break down into activities and tasks for increasing levels of operational detail.
Which metric directly measures the proportion of process outputs that meet requirements on the first attempt without any rework?
Answer: First pass yield (FPY)
First pass yield (FPY) calculates the percentage of units that complete the process correctly the first time, serving as a direct measure of process quality and hidden factory size.
The 'voice of the process' (VOP) is primarily represented by:
Answer: Control charts and statistical process data reflecting actual process behavior
VOP uses statistical data — especially control charts — to reveal what the process is actually capable of delivering, as opposed to what is desired or specified.