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Study Design & Methodology Flashcards

7 cards from real CPI practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

Read the first 7 Study Design & Methodology flashcards as text

  1. A researcher wants to determine whether a new drug causes fewer side effects than the standard treatment. Which study design provides the strongest causal evidence?

    Answer: Randomized controlled trial

    Randomized controlled trials randomly assign participants to treatment groups, minimizing confounding and providing the strongest causal evidence.

  2. In a factorial design, a researcher tests two drugs (A and B) each at two doses (high and low). How many treatment conditions exist?

    Answer: 4

    A 2×2 factorial design creates 4 conditions: A-high, A-low, B-high, and B-low, allowing analysis of main effects and interactions.

  3. Which sampling method divides a population into subgroups and randomly selects participants from each subgroup proportionally?

    Answer: Stratified random sampling

    Stratified random sampling divides the population into strata and samples proportionally from each, improving representativeness.

  4. A study enrolls participants based on their disease status and then looks back to identify past exposures. This is best described as:

    Answer: Case-control study

    Case-control studies select participants based on outcome (cases vs. controls) and retrospectively assess prior exposures.

  5. When a researcher measures the same variable using two different instruments and compares results, they are assessing:

    Answer: Convergent validity

    Convergent validity is demonstrated when two measures of the same construct produce similar results.

  6. Which principle in research design ensures that neither the participant nor the investigator assessing outcomes knows the treatment assignment?

    Answer: Blinding

    Double-blinding ensures neither participants nor outcome assessors know treatment assignments, reducing performance and detection bias.

  7. A researcher studies disease prevalence and risk factors at a single point in time across a defined population. This design is called:

    Answer: Cross-sectional study

    Cross-sectional studies collect data at one time point, measuring prevalence and associations but not establishing temporality.