Criminal Law & Procedure Flashcards

What is the standard of proof in a criminal case?

Answer: Beyond a reasonable doubt

In a criminal case, the prosecution bears the heavy burden of proving the defendant's guilt "beyond a reasonable doubt." This is the highest standard of proof in the legal system, requiring that the evidence presented leaves no doubt in the minds of a reasonable juror that the defendant committed the crime. This high standard is designed to protect individual liberty and minimize the risk of wrongful convictions.

What document formally charges a defendant with a crime?

Answer: Indictment or information

An indictment is a formal accusation issued by a grand jury, while an information is a formal accusation filed by a prosecutor. Both documents serve the purpose of formally charging a defendant with a crime, outlining the specific offenses alleged. This formal charge is a critical step in initiating criminal proceedings, informing the defendant of the charges they must answer.

What right is protected by the Fifth Amendment in criminal law?

Answer: Protection against self-incrimination

The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that no person "shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself." This fundamental right, often referred to as "taking the Fifth," protects individuals from being forced to provide testimony or evidence that could lead to their own criminal conviction. It ensures that the burden of proof rests with the prosecution, not the accused.

What is 'probable cause'?

Answer: Reasonable grounds for making an arrest

Probable cause is a legal standard requiring sufficient reason, supported by facts and circumstances, to believe that a crime has been committed or that evidence of a crime exists in a particular place. It is a necessary prerequisite for law enforcement to make an arrest, conduct a search, or obtain a warrant. This standard balances individual rights with the need for effective law enforcement.

Which amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial?

Answer: Sixth Amendment

The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees several rights to criminal defendants, including the right to a speedy and public trial. This provision ensures that individuals accused of crimes are not held indefinitely without trial, protecting them from prolonged detention and the anxiety of pending charges. It also helps preserve evidence and witness testimony, which can degrade over time.

What is 'bail' in criminal proceedings?

Answer: Temporary release pending trial

Bail is a sum of money or other security exchanged for the temporary release of an arrested person, ensuring their appearance in court for future proceedings. Its purpose is to allow defendants to remain free while awaiting trial, rather than being held in jail, while also providing an incentive for them to return to court. If the defendant fails to appear, the bail may be forfeited.

What happens at an arraignment?

Answer: Formal charging and plea entry

An arraignment is a formal court proceeding where a defendant is brought before a judge, informed of the specific charges against them, and asked to enter a plea (e.g., guilty, not guilty, or nolo contendere). It is a critical stage in the criminal justice process, ensuring the defendant is aware of the accusations and has the opportunity to respond. During this hearing, the court may also address bail and appoint counsel.

What is the exclusionary rule?

Answer: Illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible

The exclusionary rule is a legal principle that prevents evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights from being used in a criminal prosecution. Its primary purpose is to deter law enforcement from engaging in illegal searches and seizures, thereby upholding the Fourth Amendment. This rule ensures that the government respects constitutional protections when gathering evidence.

Which type of plea means the defendant does not contest the charges?

Answer: Nolo contendere

A plea of "nolo contendere," meaning "I do not wish to contend," allows a defendant to accept conviction and punishment without admitting guilt. While it results in a conviction, it cannot typically be used as an admission of guilt in subsequent civil proceedings. This plea can be advantageous in situations where a defendant wants to avoid the collateral estoppel effect of a guilty plea in potential civil lawsuits.