Counseling Human Development and Lifespan 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief include all of the following EXCEPT:
- Denial
- Isolation
- Bargaining
- Rationalization (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Rationalization
Kübler-Ross identified five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance — rationalization is not one of them.
Question 2: In Marcia's identity statuses, 'identity foreclosure' means:
- Commitment with exploration
- No commitment and no exploration
- Commitment without exploration (Correct answer)
- Exploration without commitment
Correct answer: Commitment without exploration
Identity foreclosure occurs when an individual commits to an identity without exploring alternatives, often adopting parents' values without question.
Question 3: Which theorist described eight stages of psychosocial development from birth to death?
- Sigmund Freud
- Jean Piaget
- Erik Erikson (Correct answer)
- Lawrence Kohlberg
Correct answer: Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson proposed eight psychosocial stages, each presenting a crisis that must be resolved for healthy development, spanning infancy through late adulthood.
Question 4: Object relations theory emphasizes the impact of:
- Operant conditioning on behavior
- Early relationships and internalized representations of self and others (Correct answer)
- Neurotransmitter imbalances
- Rational-emotive belief systems
Correct answer: Early relationships and internalized representations of self and others
Object relations theory holds that early relational experiences create internalized mental representations ('objects') that shape how a person relates to others throughout life.
Question 5: Ainsworth's 'secure attachment' style in infants is characterized by:
- Avoidance of the caregiver upon reunion
- Distress at separation but comfort upon reunion (Correct answer)
- Extreme distress that is not soothed by the caregiver
- No visible reaction to caregiver presence
Correct answer: Distress at separation but comfort upon reunion
Securely attached infants show moderate distress when caregivers leave and are easily comforted upon return, reflecting a reliable and responsive caregiving history.
Question 6: Super's Career Development Theory describes career development as a process spanning:
- Only adolescence and early adulthood
- The entire lifespan (Correct answer)
- Ages 25–45
- Retirement and late adulthood only
Correct answer: The entire lifespan
Donald Super proposed that career development is a lifelong process involving five stages: growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline/disengagement.
Counseling Human Development and Lifespan 2
Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief include all of the following EXCEPT: