CMI Study Guide 2026

The SHELL model evaluates the interfaces between the central human (Liveware) and Software, Hardware, Environment, and other humans to identify failure points.

Building competency requires formal education, mentored practice, and ongoing development.

Flag state jurisdiction refers to the authority a country has over vessels registered under its flag, regardless of where they are operating. This jurisdiction means the flag state is responsible for ensuring its ships comply with international maritime conventions and national laws concerning safety, environmental protection, and crew welfare. It is a fundamental principle of international maritime law that assigns accountability for vessel operations.

The GZ curve plots the righting lever—the horizontal distance between the lines of action of buoyancy and gravity—at successive angles of heel, providing a complete picture of the vessel's stability across its range of inclination.

Evidence in investigation reports must be directly linked to the findings to establish credibility and demonstrate a factual basis for conclusions. This structured presentation allows readers to clearly understand how specific pieces of evidence support the assertions made in the report. It ensures transparency and helps verify the thoroughness of the investigative process.

Certification requirements evolve to keep pace with professional and technological advances.