CLT Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 3 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which plasma protein is produced exclusively by the liver and accounts for approximately 60% of total plasma protein?
- Globulin
- Fibrinogen
- Albumin (Correct answer)
- Transferrin
Correct answer: Albumin
Albumin is synthesized by hepatocytes and is the most abundant plasma protein, responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure.
Question 2: Surfactant produced by type II pneumocytes primarily functions to:
- Increase alveolar surface tension
- Prevent alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension (Correct answer)
- Stimulate macrophage activity
- Promote gas diffusion across the membrane
Correct answer: Prevent alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension
Pulmonary surfactant (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) lowers surface tension within alveoli, preventing collapse during expiration.
Question 3: The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex primarily secretes which hormone?
- Cortisol
- Aldosterone (Correct answer)
- DHEA
- Epinephrine
Correct answer: Aldosterone
The outermost zona glomerulosa produces aldosterone, which regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidney.
Question 4: Which structure connects the testes to the epididymis and is involved in sperm maturation?
- Vas deferens
- Seminal vesicle
- Rete testis
- Efferent ductules (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Efferent ductules
Efferent ductules carry sperm from the rete testis to the epididymis, where final sperm maturation occurs.
Question 5: What is the normal GFR (glomerular filtration rate) in a healthy adult?
- 25–50 mL/min
- 60–80 mL/min
- 90–120 mL/min (Correct answer)
- 150–180 mL/min
Correct answer: 90–120 mL/min
A normal GFR is approximately 90–120 mL/min/1.73 m², and values below 60 indicate chronic kidney disease.
Question 6: Which connective tissue cell type is responsible for synthesizing and secreting collagen and extracellular matrix components?
- Macrophage
- Mast cell
- Fibroblast (Correct answer)
- Plasma cell
Correct answer: Fibroblast
Fibroblasts are the most common connective tissue cells and are the primary producers of collagen, elastin, and glycoproteins.
Question 7: The blood-brain barrier is primarily formed by tight junctions between which cells?
- Astrocyte end-feet
- Microglia
- Brain capillary endothelial cells (Correct answer)
- Oligodendrocytes
Correct answer: Brain capillary endothelial cells
Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells in the brain form the physical barrier that restricts paracellular transport.
CLT Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 3
Which plasma protein is produced exclusively by the liver and accounts for approximately 60% of total plasma protein?