CLT Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which type of epithelial tissue lines the alveoli of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange?
- Simple squamous epithelium (Correct answer)
- Simple cuboidal epithelium
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Correct answer: Simple squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium forms the thin walls of alveoli, minimizing diffusion distance for O2 and CO2 exchange.
Question 2: The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in which chamber of the heart?
- Left ventricle
- Right atrium (Correct answer)
- Left atrium
- Right ventricle
Correct answer: Right atrium
The SA node is embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava.
Question 3: Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating serum calcium levels by promoting bone resorption?
- Calcitonin
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (Correct answer)
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
Correct answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH stimulates osteoclast activity and renal calcium reabsorption to raise blood calcium when levels fall.
Question 4: What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration and urine formation?
- Glomerulus
- Loop of Henle
- Nephron (Correct answer)
- Renal pelvis
Correct answer: Nephron
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, encompassing the glomerulus, tubules, and collecting duct.
Question 5: Which leukocyte type is the predominant cell in acute bacterial infections and constitutes 50–70% of circulating white blood cells?
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Neutrophils (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocytes and serve as the primary responders to bacterial infections via phagocytosis.
Question 6: The portal triad in liver histology consists of a portal venule, a bile ductule, and which third structure?
- Central vein
- Hepatic artery branch (Correct answer)
- Sinusoid
- Kupffer cell
Correct answer: Hepatic artery branch
Each portal triad contains a branch of the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a bile ductule.
Question 7: In the renal tubule, which segment is the primary site of active sodium reabsorption driven by Na+/K+-ATPase?
- Descending loop of Henle
- Collecting duct
- Proximal convoluted tubule (Correct answer)
- Distal convoluted tubule
Correct answer: Proximal convoluted tubule
The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 65% of filtered sodium via Na+/K+-ATPase on the basolateral membrane.
CLT Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 2
Which type of epithelial tissue lines the alveoli of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange?