Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals Flashcards
7 cards from real CLT practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals flashcards as text
Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the pulmonary circulation?
Answer: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
ACE is expressed on pulmonary endothelial cells and cleaves two amino acids from angiotensin I to produce active angiotensin II.
The myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is produced by which type of cell?
Answer: Schwann cells
Schwann cells myelinate individual axons in the peripheral nervous system, unlike oligodendrocytes which myelinate multiple axons centrally.
Which phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to ventricular filling?
Answer: Diastole
During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria through the open AV valves.
Which lymphoid organ is responsible for T-cell maturation and education?
Answer: Thymus
The thymus is the primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes undergo positive and negative selection to ensure self-tolerance.
The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the RIGHT in which condition?
Answer: Increased PCO2
Increased PCO2 (Bohr effect) lowers pH and promotes hemoglobin to release O2 to tissues, shifting the curve rightward.
In skeletal muscle contraction, calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to which protein?
Answer: Troponin C
Calcium binds to troponin C, causing a conformational change that moves tropomyosin and exposes myosin-binding sites on actin.
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and involves mast cell degranulation?
Answer: Type I (immediate)
Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE bound to mast cells; re-exposure to antigen triggers rapid degranulation releasing histamine and other mediators.