CES CES Anatomy and Biomechanics 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: In biomechanics, what term describes the rotation of a bone around its own long axis?
- Flexion
- Pronation
- Axial rotation (Correct answer)
- Circumduction
Correct answer: Axial rotation
Axial rotation (also called spin) is the movement of a bone rotating around its own longitudinal axis, such as internal or external rotation of the femur.
Question 2: Which plane of motion divides the body into anterior and posterior halves and is associated with abduction and adduction movements?
- Sagittal plane
- Frontal plane (Correct answer)
- Transverse plane
- Oblique plane
Correct answer: Frontal plane
The frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into front and back halves, and movements in this plane include abduction, adduction, and lateral flexion.
Question 3: What type of muscle action occurs when a muscle produces force while lengthening?
- Concentric
- Isometric
- Eccentric (Correct answer)
- Isokinetic
Correct answer: Eccentric
Eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle generates tension while being lengthened, such as the quadriceps controlling knee flexion during stair descent.
Question 4: The term 'osteokinematics' refers to which aspect of joint movement?
- Movement of the joint surfaces relative to each other
- Observable gross motion of a bone in space (Correct answer)
- Connective tissue properties at the joint
- Neural control of joint position
Correct answer: Observable gross motion of a bone in space
Osteokinematics describes the visible, gross movement of a bone in space (flexion, abduction, etc.) as observed from outside the body.
Question 5: During a squat, which joint action occurs at the hip during the descent phase?
- Hip extension
- Hip flexion (Correct answer)
- Hip abduction
- Hip internal rotation
Correct answer: Hip flexion
During squat descent, the hip undergoes flexion as the torso lowers toward the ground under controlled eccentric loading.
Question 6: What is the term for the small gliding, rolling, and spinning motions that occur between joint surfaces, which are necessary for full range of motion?
- Osteokinematics
- Arthrokinematics (Correct answer)
- Propriokinetics
- Myofascial sliding
Correct answer: Arthrokinematics
Arthrokinematics refers to the accessory joint-surface motions (roll, glide, spin) that must occur for normal osteokinematic movement to take place.
CES CES Anatomy and Biomechanics 2
In biomechanics, what term describes the rotation of a bone around its own long axis?